PSIO 201 5th EditionExam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 1 - 7Lecture 1 (August 27)Levels of Biological organization and the Principles of HomeostasisDescribe the difference between Physiology and Anatomy? Describe the 5 essentials for “LIFE”? List the 6 levels of structural organization? List characteristics of Homeostasis? List the five stepsof the Scientific Method? -Physiology (function) and Anatomy (structure)-5 Essentials for LIFE:1.Metabolism- breakdown of large molecules into small building proteins that provides energy for cells2.Responsiveness- detect changes in internal and external environment3.Movement- all structural organization4.Growth/Differentiation – cell size and material found; specialize in cell function5.Reproduction- formation of new cells/individuals-Levels of Structural Organization1.Chemical – atomic and molecular2.Cellular – smallest unit3.Tissue- group of cells4.Organ- groups of tissues5.Organ systems- groups of organs for function6.Organismic systems – living individual-Homeostasis: “ relative consistency of the internal environment” remains constant over time (temperature, PH, etc.) crucial for survival. Homeostasis keeps variables within psychological limits (Positive Feedback vs. Negative Feedback) - Positive Feedback: intensifies the variables (child birth)- Negative Feedback: regulates back and forth (sweating)- Equilibrium: requires no energy. Is a form of a constant state. Homeostasis is the balance of equilibrium due to constant regulation processes. - Steady State: required a LOT of energy -Scientific Method:1.Observation2.Hypothesis “tentative answer”3.Experimental Testing4.Analysis and Conclusion5.Development of a new hypothesisLecture 2 (August 29)Chemical Level of Organization: Principles of Physiological ChemistryChemical terms? Potential Energy and Kinetic Energy? Define the 3 different types of Bonds? Describe different reactions (exo vs. endo)? What is a catalyst? Name the organic compounds? What is the concept of Concentration?-Potential energy is stored-Kinetic energy is the matter in motion-Chemical energy is form of potential energy found in bonds- Chlorine +- Chloride – -Stability is determined by valence electrons* The three types of Bonds:1.Hydrogen Bonds- partial “poles” of polar covalent bonds; partial electrical charges2.Ionic Bonds- Gives and takes electrons3.Covalent Bonds- share electrons-Reactions- -Making bonds released energy (Exothermic)-Breaking Bonds required energy (Endothermic)- A catalyst reduces the amount of energy needed for a particular reaction; causing it to go faster.- Enzymes are biological catalysts* Organic Compounds: 1) lipids 2) carbohydrates 3) nucleic acids 4) high energy phosphate molecules (Organic means carbon rich, Inorganic is carbon poor)*Concept of Concentration = Amount of compound/unit of volume (moles/liter)Low PH value = High concentration (very acidic)Lecture 3 (September 3)Cellular Level of Organization I: Introduction to Cell BiologyRecap of biological terms? What are Organelles? Concepts about the Membrane? What are amino acids? What is the cytoskeleton made out of? Types of membrane proteins? What are the4 structures of a polypeptide?-Nucleus- contains chromatin (DNA and Proteins)-Nucleic envelope- import and export-Golgi Apparatus- layers outside of the nucleus for protein packaging-Mitochondria- makes ATP energy-Cytoplasm- liquid in cell outside of nucleus-Plasma membrane- cell membrane* Organelles- membrane bound structures by special proteins; special in cell for growth, maintenance, and reproductionA) Membranous – found in nucleus and mitochondria (outer and inner membrane major site ofcell energy metabolism), B) Non- Membranous- found in cytoskeleton and ribosomes; (Microtubules) contains centrioles and centrosomes for cell motility and cell division. Cilia and Flagella are used for mobility. Microvilli (microfilaments) increase surface area of plasma membrane. Ribosomes are site of protein synthesis ATP. * Cytoskeleton: 1. Microfilaments- center of nucleus, basic strength or shape, use microvilli for transport2. Microtubules- largest and hollow, made of protein tubulin, used in centrosome spindle duringmeiosis3. Intermediate filaments- medium size, stabilize position of organelles, and attach cells to each other. * Amino Acids – Make proteins using “linear sequences” Amino acids contain four major groups: Amino acid group, carboxyl group, R (side chain), and hydrogen. The hydrogen bonds with Nitrogen or Oxygen. *Membrane proteins-1.Integral Proteins- across cell membrane, are amphipathic2.Peripheral Proteins- can float through and around membrane* Polypeptide Structures-1. Primary Structure (straight)2. Secondary Structure (alpha helix coiled or beta sheet)3. Tertiary structure (knotted polypeptides in a specific way)4. Quaternary (hemoglobin molecule) Lecture 4 (September 5)Cellular Level of Organization II: Membrane TransportWhat is Passive Transport? What is Osmosis? How does water go through a lipid bilayer? What is Carrier Mediated Transport? A) Passive Transport- Diffusion for equilibriumMoves from high to low concentration 1.Net diffusion is proportional to concentrated gradient2.Occurs quickly over short cellular distances; but slow over long distances3.Can occur across membrane but only hydrophobic can go through lipid bilayerPassive flow of water across membraneB) Osmosis – Net flow of water across semipermeable membrane in response to a gradient in the chemical activities of water; dilutes to concentrated.-Osmotic Pressure- measures osmolarity (E.G.) Low Osmolarity 0.1 Osm flows to High Osmolarity 0.2 Osm- “Chemical activity” refers to number of free water moleculesC) Aquaporin’s are water channels that allow water to move through lipid bilayerD) Carrier Mediated Transport- more effective1.Saturability – Jmax increases rapidly but eventually saturates2. Selectivity – substituents- Facilitated diffusion- Active Transport (Primary and Secondary)- Primary active transport= immediate energy ATP (goes in cell and comes out)- Secondary active transport= most common for nutrients, goes outside to in (revolving door) but as goes in, it brings another substance with it. (Organic and inorganic) Lecture 5 (September 8) Cellular Level of Organization III: Cell CytoplasmWhat are symporters and antiporters? What are the two types of vesicular transport? What is oxidative phosohoralyzation? Describe