PSIO 201 5th Edition Lecture 8 Outline of Last Lecture Skeletal System Outline of Current Lecture I. Skeletal System and FunctionsII. Axial vs. AppendicularIII. Classification of BonesIV. Anatomy of a Long BoneV. Periosteum and EndosteumVI. Composition of Bone Current LectureSkeletal System : bones, cartilage, ligaments, and other connective tissues; Each bone is an organFunctions: 1. support2. protection3. mineral storage4. triglyceride storage (fat in bone marrow)5. Red and White blood cell formation (hemolysis)6. Leverage (assistance in movement)AXIAL BONES:1. Skull ( Cranium and Face)2. Hyoid3. Auditory ossicles4. Vertebral Column5. Thorax ( Sternum and Ribs)APPENDICULAR BONES:1. Pectoral : ( clavicle and scapula)2. Upper Limbs: ( Humerus, Ulna, Radius, Carpals, Metacarpals, phalanges)These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.3. Pelvic Girdle: ( Hip, Pelvis or coxal bone)4. Lower Limbs: (Femur, Patella, Fibula, Tibia, Tarsals, Metatarsals, Phalanges)Total of 206 Bones. Classification of Bones:1. Long Bone – rectangle shape; can be small or large (e.g. humerus, fingers)2. Short Bone- cube like shape (e.g. trapezoid)3. Flat Bone- (e.g. sternum, cranium, ribs)4. Irregular Bone- (e.g. vertebra, scapula)5. Sesamoid Bone- Seed like resemblance (e.g. patella, toes)6. Sutural Bone- small bones found within sutures (other bones)Anatomy of a Long Bone- Rectangle; small or big- Diaphysis is shaf- Proximal Epiphysis and Distal Epiphysis- ends of bone- Metaphysis- are of transition - Articular Cartilage- ends of bones for attatchment- Tendons attach muscle to bone- Ligaments attach bone to bone- Medullary Cavity- inside Diaphysis (red bone marrow in children; turns yellow as adult)- Compact Bone- Outer layer and strongest- Spongy Bone- lining of cavity marrow; includes plates Periosteum- (outer)- Connective tissue membrane covering external surface of bone- Continuous with tendons & connective tissues of joints- Attached to Bone matrix via fibers- Two Layers : 1) Outer Fibrous Layer 2) Inner Osteogenic layerEndosteum- (inner)- Lines inner surface of Bones, marrow cavity, trabecullae of spongy bone, canals of compact bone- Contains osteogenic cells for remodeling and growthComposition of Bone:- Osteo = bone- Osteology = study of bone tissue-Osteoblasts and Osteocytes = important for bone remodeling-Osteoclasts = attaches to bone tissue and breaks down tissue-Osteogenic cells = stem cells formed from mesenchyme (embryonic connective tissue: mitosis >daughter cells> differentiation> osteoblasts Connective TissueExtra Cellular MatrixGround Substance: organic, inorganic, GAG, water, mineralsFibers: Collagen, InorganicCellsOsteocells, Osteoblasts, Osteocytes,
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