PSIO 201 5th Edition Lecture 2 Outline of Last Lecture I. Levels of Biological Organization and the Principles of HomeostasisOutline of Current Lecture II. Chemical Level of Organization: Principles of Physiological ChemistryIII. How matter is organized IV. Chemistry and its BondsA) Covalent BondsB) Ionic Bonds C) Hydrogen BondsV. Concepts of Concentration Current LectureChemical Level of Organization – chemical elements are life’s building blocks called atoms whichmake up the elements.- Nucleus – (positive protons, and neutral neutrons)- Atomic number is the number of protons in the atom- There is an equal number of protons and electrons- The mass number is the sum of the protons and neutronsMatter is organized into a molecule, which is made up of two or more atoms that share their electrons. A compound is a substance with two or more elements. Bonds connect the different elements. A chemical bond depends on the number of valence electrons on the outer most orbital. Stability is determined by valence electrons. Organic compounds have carbon. Inorganic compounds do not have carbon. Organic compounds include 1. Lipids 2. Carbohydrates 3. Nucleic acids. 4. High energy phosphate molecules- Ionic Bonds: Particles with a net charge are called ions. An Ionic compound either gives or takes electrons. These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.- Covalent Bonds: two or more atoms that share electrons . A bonds is formed as either single, double, or triple. A covalent bond can either be polar which is an unequal distribution of electrons (H20) or can be non-polar which has an equal distribution of electrons (CH4). - Hydrogen bonds: Contain a partial positive and a partial negative charge. They have partial “poles” of polar covalent bonds; with partial electrical charges. Concepts – making bonds that release energy is called exothermic. Breaking bonds that requiresenergy is endothermic. A reaction can use a catalyst to reduce the amount of energy needed for the reaction, which willmake the reaction actually go faster. Enzymes are biological catalysts such as “hexotenase”. Buffer systems are life sponges, in the sense that it is how we keep hydrogen ions in check. PH concepts – the lower the PH value, the higher the concentration ( very acidic) . The higher the PH value, the lower the
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