COMM 316 1st EditionExam # 2 Study Guide Lectures: 9-16Lecture 9 (September 23)Define culture shock, its characteristics, and its ABC dimensionsoCharacteristics of Culture shock-Culture Shock: a stressful transitional period when individuals move from a familiar cultural environment to an unfamiliar oneABC's of Culture Shock:-Affectively - sojourners often feel anxiety, bewilderment, confusion, disorientation, and intense desire to be elsewhere-Behaviorally - confusion as to norms and rules that guide communication appropriateness and effectiveness -Cognitively - lack competence to interpret or explain "bizarre" behaviors Identify the underlying factors that influence the culture shock experienceoApproaching Culture Shock: Underlying Factors-Motivation Orientation (why are you in the new culture?)-Personal expectations -Cultural distance (How different are old & new cultures?)-Psychological adjustment (excitement or anxiety)-Sociocultural adjustment -Communication competenceBehavioral flexibilityCross-cultural empathy- Personal attributesLecture 10 (September 25)Identify and explain the specific stages in the revised W-shaped adjustment modeloThe Revised W-Shape Adjustment Model--Honeymoon (A)Excited about new cultural environment, cognitively curious and emotionally charge upat meeting new people-Hostility (B)Experience major emotional upheavals, loss of self-esteem and self-confidence Three Types of Reaction:-Early Returnees - use aggressive (pounce) or passive aggressive strategies blame new culture, exit prematurely -Time Servers - minimal host contact (avoidance strategies), look forward to exit-Participators - committed to adjust (active commitment strategies)-Humorous (Stage C)Sojourners learn to laugh at their cultural faux pasExperience stress-adaptation-growth emotionsRebounding Stage-In-sync (D) Sojourners feel "at home" and experience identity security and inclusionLanguage is more fluent, appropriate choices are made in new situations-Ambivalence (Stage E)Sojourners experience grief, nostalgia, pride, mixed with relief and sorrowthey are going homeDeparture Stage-Re-Entry culture shock (F) Face unexpected jolt, not anticipating reentry shockUsually feel more depressed and stressed than during entry culture shock-Re-Socialization (G) Re-Socializers quietly assimilate with little overt changesAlienators never fit back into their home culture and look for more sojourner opportunitiesTransformers act as agents of change in their home organizations or culturesIntercultural Reality Check: Do-AblesoIntercultural Reality Check: Do-Ables-Realize that culture shock is inevitable-Maintain an ethnorelative attitude-Acknowledge your roller-coaster emotions-Reach out and seek out help when you need it-There are many caring individuals and resources out there awaiting to help you-Take care of your physical & mental health daily-Do something creative every day - write you travel blogs, express yourself in a journal, snap fun photos-Stay in touch with supportive othersLecture 11 (September 30)Define the distinctive features of language and compare denotative with connotative meanings-Arbitrariness: in phonemic and graphic representation(symbols/letters)Words strung together have no innate meaningPeople in a speech community assign meaning to words Children = meaning is learned through continuous reinforcement(teaching & correction)-Speaking and comprehending skills; then reading and writing skills develop -Children's language competence tapers off at puberty (harder to learn)-Abstractness: concrete to abstract levelsLanguage allows us to engage in hypothetical thinking We can fantasize about the infinite possibilities of our potential experienceLanguage creates intercultural friction because it is abstract and imprecise (diff. meaning)We can use language to provoke tension, create conflict, reduce stress, motivate others, etc.-Meaning-Centeredness: 2 levels of meaningDenotative meaning-Emphasizes the objective, dictionary definition shared, and recognized by the majority members of a linguistic communityConnotative meaning-Emphasizes the subjective, interpretive meanings of a wordconstructed by individual members based on their cultural and personalized language experience-Creativity: 3 distinctive featuresProductivity-The immense creative capacity that children and adults have to master a languageDisplacement -The capacity to talk about things far away in time and space and to use language to pass on information from one generation to the nextMeta-communicative-Individuals can garner their creative potential to use language mindfully for mutual collaboration and understanding (ability to fill in misunderstandings)Analyze the different language rules-Phonological RulesPhonology = different accepted procedures for combining phonemes (smallest unit of a word)English language = 45 phonemesOther language have 15-85 phonemesLinguistically, EVERYONE has an accentAccent = inflection/tone of voice that is taken to be characteristic of an individual-Morphological RulesMorphology - how combinations of different sounds make up a meaningful word or part of a wordAffixation = how word is broken downLanguage rules = based on cultural convention Once we have internalized the language rules of our culture = moredifficult to learn another-Syntactic RulesSyntactics = how words are sequenced together in accordance withthe grammatical practices of the linguistic community (syntax)The order of words help to establish the meaning of an utteranceSyntactic rules = has power on people's thinking and reasoning patterns within a culture-Semantic Rules: MeaningSemantics = the features of meaning we attach to wordsWord themselves do not have self-evident meaning (assigned by speakers)The concept of meaning = has cultural and situational relevance 3 affective features of meaning-Evaluative - good or bad-Potency - strength or weakness-Activity - fast or slow-Pragmatic Rules: Contextual RulesPragmatics = the contextual rules that govern language in a particular cultureHow to say what, to whom, and under what circumstances?Lecture 12 (October 7)—Explain the diverse language functions and compare linear worldview with