I. The Revised W-Shape Adjustment ModelII. Intercultural Reality Check: Do-AblesIII. Human Language: Distinctive Features and Rule PatternsA. LanguageB. Distinctive Language Features1. Arbitrariness2. Abstractness3. Meaning-Centeredness4. CreativityC. Multiple Rules Patterns1. Phonological Rules2. Morphological Rules3. Syntactic Rules4. Semantic Rules5. Pragmatic RulesCOMM 316 1st Edition Lecture 11Outline of Last Lecture I. The Revised W-Shape Adjustment ModelII. Intercultural Reality Check: Do-AblesOutline of Current Lecture III. Human Language: Distinctive Features and Rule PatternsA. LanguageB. Distinctive Language Features1. Arbitrariness2. Abstractness3. Meaning-Centeredness4. CreativityC. Multiple Rules Patterns1. Phonological Rules 2. Morphological Rules3. Syntactic Rules4. Semantic Rules5. Pragmatic RulesCurrent Lecture-Human Language: Distinctive Features and Rule PatternsoLanguage-Arbitrary, symbolic system that labels and categorizes objects, events, groups, people, ideas, feelings, experiences, and many other phenomena -6,700 languages worldwideoDistinctive Language Features-Arbitrariness: in phonemic and graphic representation(symbols/letters)Words strung together have no innate meaningPeople in a speech community assign meaning to wordsChildren = meaning is learned through continuous reinforcement(teaching & correction)-Speaking and comprehending skills; then reading and writing skills develop -Children's language competence tapers off at puberty (harder to learn)-Abstractness: concrete to abstract levelsLanguage allows us to engage in hypothetical thinking We can fantasize about the infinite possibilities of our potential experienceLanguage creates intercultural friction because it is abstract and imprecise (diff. meaning)We can use language to provoke tension, create conflict, reduce stress, motivate others, etc.-Meaning-Centeredness: 2 levels of meaningDenotative meaning-Emphasizes the objective, dictionary definition shared, and recognized by the majority members of a linguistic communityConnotative meaning-Emphasizes the subjective, interpretive meanings of a wordconstructed by individual members based on their cultural and personalized language experience-Creativity: 3 distinctive featuresProductivity-The immense creative capacity that children and adults have to master a languageDisplacement -The capacity to talk about things far away in time and space and to use language to pass on information from one generation to the nextMeta-communicative-Individuals can garner their creative potential to use language mindfully for mutual collaboration and understanding (ability to fill in misunderstandings)oMultiple Rule Patterns-Phonological RulesPhonology = different accepted procedures for combining phonemes (smallest unit of a word)English language = 45 phonemesOther language have 15-85 phonemesLinguistically, EVERYONE has an accentAccent = inflection/tone of voice that is taken to be characteristic of an individual-Morphological RulesMorphology - how combinations of different sounds make up a meaningful word or part of a wordAffixation = how word is broken downLanguage rules = based on cultural convention Once we have internalized the language rules of our culture = moredifficult to learn another-Syntactic RulesSyntactics = how words are sequenced together in accordance withthe grammatical practices of the linguistic community (syntax)The order of words help to establish the meaning of an utteranceSyntactic rules = has power on people's thinking and reasoning patterns within a culture-Semantic Rules: MeaningSemantics = the features of meaning we attach to wordsWord themselves do not have self-evident meaning (assigned by speakers)The concept of meaning = has cultural and situational relevance 3 affective features of meaning-Evaluative - good or bad-Potency - strength or weakness-Activity - fast or slow-Pragmatic Rules: Contextual RulesPragmatics = the contextual rules that govern language in a particular cultureHow to say what, to whom, and under what