COMM 316 1st EditionExam # 3 Study Guide Lectures: 17-23Lecture 17 (October 30th)What is Intercultural Conflict?oIntercultural Conflict:-The implicit or explicit emotional struggle or frustration between persons of different cultures over perceived incompatible values, norms, face orientations, goals, scarce resources, processes, and/or outcomes in a communication situationCompare independent-self versus interdependent-self conflict lens and characteristicsoCulture-Based Conflict Lenses-Independent-self conflict lens Interdependent-self conflict lensContent conflict goal lens Relational process lensWin-lose conflict approach Win-win relational approach"Doing" angle "Being" angleOutcome-driven mode Long-term compromising negotiation modeExplain the four approaches to intercultural workplace conflict (i.e., the intercultural workplace conflict grid) with clear examples.oIntercultural Workplace Conflict Grid--Status-achievement approach (conflict over resources, you believe you have earned your position, you work hard too if you want what I have)-Benevolent approach (try as much as possible to be fair but observe hierarchy)-Communal approach (everyone gets what they deserve, Costa Rica only culture in this grid)-Impartial approach (think about yourself but also consider other some too)Define and illustrate different conflict goalsoIntercultural Conflict Goal Issues-Content goalsPractical issues that are external to the individuals involved-Relational conflict goalsHow individual define the particular relationship-Identity-based goalsFace-saving and face-honoring issues in a conflict episodeExplain the five conflict styles-Conflict communication styles = patterned verbal and nonverbal responses to conflictWhat is the difference between tangible and intangible rewards/ resources? Discuss the three techniques in negotiating scarce resources in a conflict resolution (Potential Essay Question)-Conflict resourcesTangible (able to be touched like money)/intangible (can't be touch like happiness, compassion) rewards that people want in a disputeThree techniques in negotiating scarce resources in a conflict situation-Differentiation -Expansion -Compensation Lecture 18 (November 6th)Explain face-negotiation theory and describe how facework differs between individualists and collectivists (Potential Essay Question)Face: Socially approved self-image and other-image consideration issuesFacework: verbal and nonverbal strategies used to maintain, defend, or upgrade our social self-image and attack or defend ("save") social images of othersFace-negotiation Theory - helps explain how individualism-collectivism value patterns influence use of diverse conflict styles in different situationsDiscuss facework management, mindful listening, and reframingoFacework Management-Self-oriented face-saving behaviors: Attempts to regain or defend one's image after threats to face or face loss-Other-oriented face-giving behaviors:Attempts to support others' face claims and work with them to prevent further face loss or help them restore face constructively. Giving face means not humiliating others publicallyoMindful Listening-A face-validation and power-sharing skill; listening with focused attentiveness to cultural and personal assumptions expressed-Involves learning to listen responsively, or ting (Chinese: "attending mindfully with our ears, eyes, and a focused heart")-Mindless Listening Mindful Listening Ethnocentric lens Ethnorelative lensReactive approach Proactive/choice approachSelective hearing Attentive listeningDefensive posture Supportive posture"Struggle against" "Struggle with"Judgmental attitude Mindful reframingEmotional outbursts Vulnerability sharedCoercive power Shared powerPositional differences Common interestsFixed objectives Creative optionsWin-lose/lose-lose outcome Win-win synergyoCultural Empathy-Perspective-take accurately the self-experiences of others and convey your understanding responsivelyoMindful Reframing-How you "frame" conflict via neutrally-toned language may soften conflict defensivenessoAdaptive Code-Switching-Purposefully modifying one's verbal and nonverbal behaviors in conflict interaction -Intercultural Reality Check: Do-AblesoTo deal with conflict in a collectivistic culture, individualists need to do the following:-Be mindful of mutual face-saving premises, especially delicate balance of humiliation and pride, respect and disrespect, and shame and honor issues-Practice patient, mindful observation and limit "why?" questions -Practice midnful listening skills, attend to others' identity and relational expectation issues. Remember listen can become silent and vice versa by rearranging the lettersoIn conflict situations in individualistic culture, collectivists need to do the following-Use assertive conflict behavior and state a clear thesis, then systematically develop key points-Use "I" statements and more "why?" questions-Engage in active listening skills (rephrasing and perception checking); do not rely solely on nonverbal signals or count on other people to gauge personal reactions Lecture 19 (November 13th)Relate individualism-collectivism orientations to personal relationship themesoCultural- Ethnic Membership Values-Individualistic Orientation Collectivistic OrientationI-identity relationship expectationsWe-identity, ingroup relationship pressuresCouple's privacy, autonomy In-group's (we) connection, concernsVoluntary, personal Structural commitment, family and socialcommitment reactionsLow-context emotional expressionsHigh-context emotional expressions"Fall in love" .Identify some of the obstacles facing IC-intimate couples and their coping strategies-Intercultural-Intimate Conflict: Obstacles and Stumbling BlocksoThe Encounter: Prejudice and Racism-Intercultural-intimate conflict: antagonistic friction or disagreement between two romantic partners caused, in part, by cultural or ethnic group membership differencesoCountering Racism and Prejudice: Coping Strategies-Ignoring or dismissing -Normalizing -Withdrawing (avoidance)-Educating -Confrontation-Prayer -Humor Explain the four stages of racial awareness and awakening-Interracial couples' four stages of "racial" awareness and awakening:Racial awarenessCoping Identity EmergenceRelationship MaintenanceExplain the four identity forms of bicultural