Psych 2310 1st Edition Lecture 14 Outline of Last Lecture I. TermsII. Theoretical causes of prejudice and discriminationIII. How to reduce prejudice and discriminationOutline of Current Lecture I. Why are people aggressive and how can we cure it?II. What is aggression?III. Group aggressionCurrent LectureI. Why are people aggressive and how can we cure it?a. Theoriesi. Biological1. Konrad Lorenz: aggression is an evolved behavior that serves an adaptive purpose. Aggressive energy is an instinct that builds up and needs to be discharged. You don’t learn aggression, it is innate2. Catharsis: discharge of instinctive energy.3. Genetics: We can breed animals to have certain tendencies or temperamentsa. Ex: Identical wins often have same amount of aggressionThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.4. Alcohol causes increased aggressive behavior5. Testosterone: The higher the levels the greater the aggressiona. Unclear whether aggression causes testosterone or testosterone causes aggressionii. Frustration-aggression1. When our goal-directed behavior is blocked we may aggress against the frustrator a. Especially when the frustrator could have chosen otherwise or there are aggression cues in the enviroment2. Displaced aggression= Putting our aggression on one thing onto anothera. Triggered displaced aggression= When you over-react to the innocent other’s mild provocation.iii. Social learning1. Differences in aggression can be explained by differential learning of aggressive behaviors. 2. Aggression can also be learned by watching others benefit from it (modeling, observational learning; no direct reinforcement needed). 3. Many such models can be found in TV, movies, relationships, video games, culture4. Culture influences (war, shootings, etc)iv. Others 1. Heat and paina. Ex: More aggression in southern parts of the country/world2. Priminga. We don’t have to actually experience heat, pain, anger, or alcohol. Pictures of guns, toys, aversive events, pain, liquor,and heat can prime or ready the system for aggression later on, even subliminal pictures.3. Arousala. Boosting autonomic arousal through various methods can increase aggression.b. Zillman’s Excitation Transfer and Aggression theory= provoking people and then inducing additional arousal increases aggressive behavior. Additional arousal can comefrom exercise, porn, or chemicals.4. Tv/movies5. Video gamesa. How do violent video games increase a person’s aggressivetendenciesi. Practice. You repeat the act over and over.ii. Become desensitived to violenceiii. Reinforcement= The make you feel good. Games are entertaining and interactiveiv. Give you a direct script for acting aggressivelyb. How can we cure it?i. Not through suppression ii. Give training in communication/problem-solving/empathy. iii. Model non-aggressive responses to provocation. iv. Don’t publicize aggressive acts as muchII. What is aggressiona. Physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt someonei. Hostile aggression= Driven by anger and performed as an end in itselfii. Instrumental aggression= A means to another endIII. Group aggressiona. De-individuation= lose touch with identity, values in a mob i. Ex: lynchingsb. Diffusion of responsibility= It’s not really me, its us.c. Conformity= Everybody else is doing it, I better go along.d. War= inter-group aggressioni. Us vs. themii. Dehumanizing others increases potential for committing violence and atrocities against those others.iii. Feeling comfortable and liking members of other groups reduces aggression towards them (contact