Psych 2310 1st EditionExam # 3 Study Guide Lectures: 12 - 17Lecture 12 (October 16)How is discrimination still present in society? How has it gotten better?Vocab- Stereotypes= A belief about the dominant personal attributes of a group of people- Prejudice= An unjustifiable negative attitude toward a group and its individual members- Sexism= An individuals prejudiced attitude towards a given sex- Ageism= An individuals prejudiced attitude towards a given age- Faceism= Ads more often show a man’s face and a woman’s body- Racism= An individuals prejudiced attitude towards a given race- Modern racism= People endorse more indirect racial attitudes- Implicit association test= How quick one is to associate certain things- Realistic group conflict theory= Theory that prejudice arises between competition of group for scarce resources- Terror management= People have self protective emotional and cognitive responses including adhering more strongly to their cultural views and prejudices when confronted with reminders of their mortality.- Spontaneous categorization= We rely on stereotypes when pressed for time, preoccupied, tired, emotionally roused, to young to see diversity- Own-race bias= Tendency for people to more accurately recognizes faces of their own race- Stigma consciousness= A person’s expectation of being victimized by prejudice and discriminationDiscrimination still present in society- Implicit Association Test still show people have negative associations with certain groups- Subtle forms like health costs and racial profiling- Whites are more likely to identify a black person holding an ambiguous object as a gun- Prejudice still lingers in intimate domains (People are okay with sitting by someone of a different group butmaybe not marrying them)It has gotten better- Clerk and Clark (1947) study that girls always picked white dolls over black dolls. This has changed over time.- Modern racism instead of blatant racism- New lawsLecture 13 (October 21)What causes prejudice and discrimination? How do we stop this from happening?Vocab- Discrimination= Unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group or its members- Prejudice and discrimination getting better but they linger- Stereotype threat= People do worse when negative stereotypes are primed (self-fulfilling prophecy)- Social dominance orientation= A motivation to have one’s group dominate another group- Ethnocentric= Belief there is superiority in your ethnic group in comparison to another ethnic group- Authoritarian personality= A personality that is disposed to favor obedience to authority and intolerance of out-group and those lower in status- Subtyping= Accommodating people who deviate from one’s stereotype by thinking of them as the exception (subgrouping is the same thing but with a group rather than an individual)- Stereotype threat= A disruptive concern, when facing a negative stereotype that one will be evaluated based on that negative stereotype. It causes stress, self-monitoring, and suppression of unwanted thoughts and emotions.Prejudice and discrimination causes- Social Darwinism (people in control want to stay in control)- Demonize opposing groups- Social dominance traits- In-group out-group bias- Self-fulfilling prophecy (norms and expectations)- Displaced aggression (scapegoat theory)- Sociobiology (theory that in-group has a highly evolved trait that makes them better)- Out-group homogeneity (We are not around the out-group as much so we stereotype and think they are all the same)- Karma- ABC’s of prejudice= Affect (feelings), Behavior tendency, and cognition (belief)How to reduce prejudice and discrimination- Law-making (stopping things like segregation)- Changing norms by more exposure to the opposite group and relying on the opposite groupLecture 14 (October 23)What is group aggression? Why are people aggressive? How can we stop it?Vocab- De individuation= Lose touch with your identity and the consequences of your actions- Diffusion of responsibility= It is not me doing the action, it is us- Conformity= - Hostile aggression= Driven by anger and performed as an end in itself- Instrumental aggression= A means to another end- Zillman’s Excitation Transfer and Aggression theory= provoking people and then inducing additional arousal increases aggressive behavior. Additional arousal can come from exercise, porn, or chemicals.- Triggered displaced aggression= When you over-react to the innocent other’s mild provocation.- Displaced aggression= Putting our aggression on one thing onto another- Instinct behavior= Unlearned, innate behavior- Relative deprivation= The perception that one is less well of than the people they compare themselves to- Pro-social behavior= Positive, constructive, helpful social behavior; opposite of antisocial behavior- Social scripts= Culturally provided mental script for how to act in a situation- Catharsis= Emotional release. Aggressive drive is released by acting aggressive.What is group aggression?- We dehumanize the enemy- We lose touch with our identity when in a group- We conform to act like others in the group- We don’t feel responsible when we are acting in a group- Some examples are wars or lynchingsWhy are people aggressive?- Genetics. Some genes lend people to be more aggressive- Alcohol/drugs- Increased testosterone- It is an instinct that we have evolved to have. (Kondrad Lorenz Theory)- Displaced aggression- When our goal directed behavior is blocked we become aggressive- Models in the media- Cultural influences- Observational learning (bobo doll experiment- Direct reinforcement for aggressive behaviors- Heat and pain- Priming with guns, alcohol, etc.How do we stop it?- Don’t publicize aggressive acts as much- Model non-aggressive acts- Practice communicating, not suppressing- CatharsisLecture 15 (October 28)Do video games cause aggression? Should we care? What are theories on why it may cause aggression?Vocab- Behaviorism (Skinner)= We are shaped by punishments and rewards- Social Learning (Bandura)= If we watch people get rewarded and punished it will shape us- Bobo doll experiment= When kids watched someone act more aggressively towards the bobo doll they were more likely to act aggressively towards it as well- General aggression model= Situation and person together create the outcome- Meta analysis= Average of all the data from the different experimentsDo video games cause aggression?- About 4% of the time- Debated for 25 years, still not clear-