PSYCH 2310 1st Edition Exam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 1 - 6Lecture 1 (August 28)What are the key components of designing an experiment? Hypotheses, subject, variables, conditions, and assignment. What do you do with your data after the experiment is over? Analyze. Figure out if the data collected isstatistically significant. What is social psychology? The scientific study of how people think about, influence, and relate to each other. What are social psychology’s big ideas? Social thinking, social influence, and social relations.1. Vocabulary- Null hypotheses= A hypothesis which sates that the independent variable has no effect on the dependent variable- Experimental hypotheses=A statement that expresses a prediction about what the answer to a research question will be or an idea about the phenomenon being studied- Theory= Integrated set of principles that explain and predict observed events- Treatment variable= Independent variable- Outcome variable= Dependent variable- Random sampling= A method of poll selection that gives each person in a group the same chance ofbeing selected, A sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion- Random assignment= Assigning participants to experimental and control conditions by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences between those assigned to the different groups.- Placebo effect= Experimental results caused by expectations alone- Demand effect=When participants act differently because they know they are in an experiment- Hindsight bias= After an outcome is known, the tendency to believe we knew the outcome all along- Deception= Participants are misled about the study. Want to minimize this.- Debrief= Disclose any deception and queries participants understandings and feelings. This is necessary in order to be ethical. - Informed consent= Participant has enough info to choose if they want to participate. This is necessary in order to be ethical.- Framing= The way a question or an issue is posed; framing can influence people’s decisions and expressed opinions.- Mundane realism=- Experimental realism= 2. Statistical significance is achieved when the p value is less than .05. There is very little chance that something would happen 95% of the time without a reason. Statistical significance is determined by:1. Size of sample. The bigger the sample the more statistically significant something is.2. Size of the effect. The bigger the effect the more statistically significant.3. The background variability or noise. This can be determined by if more scores clump together, there is less background variability, therefore more statistical significance.*Correlation does not equal causation3. Confounding of variables occurs when two variables are linked together in a way that makes it difficult to sort out their specific effects. This variable is related to both the independent and dependent variable. For example, it may be true that gi 4. Steps in an experiment:1. Formulate testable hypothesis2. Decide whom to study3. Decide how to manipulate the independent variable4. Decide how to measure the dependent variable5. Decide how to assign condition6. Decide what variables to control/equalize7. Analyze the results8. Debrief5. Experimental research vs. Correlational research vs. Field ResearchCorrelational research is a naturally occurring relationship among variables. You cannot prove a cause-effect relationship with this research. Experimental research is a study that manipulates factors while controlling others in order to prove a cause effect relationship. Field research is observation done in natural, real life settings.___________________looking-glass selfCharles Horton Cooley's term for a self-image based on how we think others see usself-reference effectyou remember things more when you relate them to yourself.social comparisonEvaluating one's abilities and opinions by comparing oneself with others.motivational function of self-knowledgepossible self images- I COULD BE this that or thatself-discrepanciesdiscrepancies between our self-concept and how we would ideally like to be (ideal self) or believe others think we should be (ought self)Wilson's 2 systems viewVerbal production system and behavior production system are not connected as we think.we may think we know why we do something but we dont reallyself-serving biasA readiness to perceive oneself favorablyfalse consensus effectThe tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share our beliefs and behaviorsself-efficacy beliefsPeoples beliefs about their ability to execute the behaviors necessary to control important events.learned helplessnessA condition that occurs after a period of negative consequences where the person begins to believe they have no control.internal vs external locus of controlinternal your fault external, notunrealistic optimismunrealistic optimismcross-cultural variations in self-esteemchina they are humble and don't have alot of self esteemself-handicappingA self-protective strategy of arranges for an obstacle to one's own performance, so that failure can be attributed to the obstacle instead of one's own limitations.Fundamental attribution error (FAE)The tendency for observers,to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal dispositionactor-observer differencethey did it because they suck not because of the situationinternal vs external attributionsthey did it because they suck or they did it because of the situationKelly's theory of attributions:distinctiveness, consistency, and consensus information, awareness of other's perspectives and the FAEillusory correlationThe perception of a relationship where none existsgambler's fallacyThe belief that the odds of a chance event increase if the event hasn't occurred recently.representativeness heuristicA mental shortcut whereby people classify something according to how similar itis to a typical caseavailability heuristicEstimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind, we presume such events are commonconfirmation biasA tendency to search for information that confirms one's preconceptionsbelieve perseverationtendency for people want their beliefs to stay truebase-rate fallacyA base rate fallacy is committed when a person judges that an outcome will occur without considering prior knowledge of the probability that it will occur.