REVIEW FOR EXAM 1 (Units 1-4)- As always, know the glossary terms for each unit, as well as the learning objectives listed on the first page of each unit- Be familiar with graphs and pictures in lab manual- The past exams are the best way to get an idea about what is on the exam. Unit 1- Know the difference between assumptions (no evidence) and inferences (evidence)- Know the difference between prediction and hypotheses (causal explanations)- Know the difference between Independent (manipulated) and dependent (measured) variables- Be able to identify control vs. treatment groups.- Know how to construct a graph using graphing guidelines- Be familiar with types of data appropriate for each graph type- Know the difference between experimental and sampling error- Know the difference interpolation and extrapolationUnit 2- For each organelle, know 1) in what type of cell they are found; 2) how many membranes; 3) function; 4) be able to identify from a picture [ see ppt slides]- Membranes are composed of proteins and phospholipidso Know picture of membrane in lab manualo Proteins are made by ribosomes or rough ER; phospholipids are made by smooth ERo 2 structures in plant but not in animals = cell wall & chloroplastso 2 organelles that lack membranes = ribosomes & nucleoluso 3 organelles with 2 membranes = mitochondria, chloroplasts, nucleus- Microscopy:o Know parts of the compound microscopeo As magnification increases, field of view and depth of field decreaseo To change field of view and depth of field, change the objective or mechanical stageo To change focal plane, use fine adjustment knobo Focal plane is not affected by changing magnificationo To calculate total magnification, multiply the objective by the ocularo To adjust light intensity, adjust diaphragm- As size increases, surface area –to-volume ratio decreases- Chloroplast inner membrane= grana; mitochondia inner membrane = cristaeo Both increases surface area-to-volume ratio, making cell more efficiento Function of chloroplasts is photosynthesis; function of mitochondria isenergy for the cell / metabolism/ making ATPUnit 3- Know definitions of solute vs solvent- Diffusion is the movement of solute from high concentration to low concentration- Osmosis is movement of water (solvent) from hypotonic to hypertonic solutions- Tonicityo Hypotonic = fewer solutes; greater water potentialo Hypertonic = more solutes; lower water potentialo Isotonic = equal solutes and water potential- Diffusion rates affected by o Temperature: as temp. increases, rates of diffusion increaseo Concentration gradient: as concentration gradient increases, rates of diffusion increaseso Permeability: as permeability increases, rates of diffusion increase- Be sure for every question that you pay attention the permeability of the membrane to see which molecules are moving: solutes in diffusion or water in osomosis- Turgor pressure = internal pressure in PLANT cells that counteracts osmotic pressure (stops water from flowing into cell and causing it to burst. o Result of CELL WALL & Large Central Vacuole.o CELL WALL is structure responsible for preventing plant cell from bustingo Animal cells do not have turgor pressure- If water moves INTO cell, cell becomes TURGID, increases the TURGOR PRESSUREo Cell is HYPERTONIC, and has lower WATER POTENTIAL; solution is HYPOTONIC, and has greater WATER POTENTIAL- If water moves OUT of cell, cell becomes FLACCID, decreased TURGOR PRESSUREo Cell is HYPOTONIC, and has greater WATER POTENTIAL; Solution is HYPERTONIC, and has lower WATER POTENTIAL Unit 4- Be able to identify molecules in a reaction (substrate, enzyme, products, cofactor)- Most enzymes are protein (hint: where are enzymes made in the cell?= ribosomes or rough ER)- Enzymes are catalysts and promote chemical reactions by lowering activationenergy- Enzymes are not consumed in the reaction- Know how temperature affects enzymatic reactions- Know how pH affects enzymatic reactions- Know the effects of heavy metals on enzymatic reactions- Know what causes denaturationo Too high of tempo Too high/too low pHo Heavy metals- removal of cofactor will result in NO reaction, but this is NOT denaturation- Too cold will result in slower reaction rates, but this is NOT denaturation- In the lock and key model, know which molecule is the lock and which is the key (enzyme is lock; substrate is key)- Substrate and cofactor bind to enzyme at ACTIVE SITE (active site is on the enzyme). - Be sure you know the difference between “time” and “rate”. There is an inverse relationshipo The longer time it takes for a reaction, the slower the rateo The shorter time it takes for a reaction, the faster the rateo Rate is calculated as 1/time (expressed as