Psych 2310 1st Edition Lecture 11 Outline of Last Lecture I. Peripheral vs. Central routes of persuasionII. 4 influences of persuasionIII. How to form a cultOutline of Current Lecture I. How does being part of a group affect people’s behaviors?II. What are the performance consequences of being in a group?III. Group mindsCurrent LectureI. How does being part of a group affect people’s behaviors?a. People have the need to belong to groupsb. Group= Two or more people who interact and perceive one another as “us”c. Groups are more than the sum of their parts (they have emergent properties)d. The self and its group can overlap physiologically (your sense of self can be more submerged in a group than others)e. Social identity theory=We identify ourselves with our groupsi. Ex: I am Americanf. Optimal distinctiveness theory (ODT)= The need to belong and the need to be distinctive can conflicti. Solutions: These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.1. Have a leadership role2. You can feel belongingness by connecting with a group3. You can feel distinctiveness by comparing your group to others groups (This can lead to an us vs. them mentality)II. What are the performance consequences of being in a group?a. Social facilitation= People act different depending on their audiencei. Easier/well practice behaviors are better with a crowdii. Complex, less well-mastered behaviors break down when we are under pressureiii. Dominant reactions. Whatever is your most common reaction is how you will react to a crowd.b. What causes the breakdown in complex performance?i. Evaluation apprehension= “What will they think of me?” produces arousalii. Social facilitation (new revised definition)= The strengthening of dominant responses when others are presentc. Other ways groups can detract from performancei. Social loafing= Tendency to exert less effort the more group members there areii. Diffusion of responsibility= Others can do it, I don’t get blamed if we failiii. How to prevent social loafing?1. If you are close with group2. If task is challenging, appealing, or involving (intrinsic motivation)III. Group mindsa. Can be more intelligent than the individual mind if the task involves memory and knowledge- crowd-sourcingb. Maybe/maybe not help the answer be more intelligent if the task involves thinking and decision makingc. Positive examples: Designing a jet or making a workable legal systemd. Negative examples: Challenger launch or Bay of Pigs Invasione. Symptoms of group-thinki. Illusions of invulnerability1. Nothing can go wrongii. Illusions of morality1. People making decision know betteriii. Collective rationalization of problemsiv. Stereotyping the adversaryv. Group members censoring themselvesvi. Pressure on dissenters to conformvii. Mind-guarding (somebody adopts the role of keeping the rest in line)f. Factors contributing to group think disastersi. High group cohesiveness (we-feeling)ii. High stress situation (time pressure)iii. Directive (controlling leader)iv. Insulation of group from outside opinionsg. Factors to prevent groupthinki. Leaders strive to remain impartialii. Group members solicit outside opinionsiii. Have someone play Devil’s advocateiv. Use secret ballots in decision makingv. Rethink group decisions in 2nd chance