PSYCH 2310 1st Edition Lecture 19 Outline of Last Lecture i. Genesii. Cultureiii. GenderOutline of Current Lecture I. What is helping?II. Theories to explain why we helpIII. Helping researchCurrent LectureI. What is helping?a. Altruism= Motive to increase another’s welfare without regard for our owni. Does this really exist?b. Egoism= Underlying ever-present motivate to increase our own welfare. The opposite of altruism.c. Rewards for helping peoplei. Belongingnessii. Connectionsiii. Makes you happieriv. Helps you cooperate so helps you economicallyII. Theories to explain why we helpThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.a. Social exchange theory= Egoistic theory which says human interaction tries to maximize rewards and minimize costsi. Possible rewards1. Physical benefits (Gift, friends)2. Mental benefits (relief, less guilt)ii. Possible costs1. Money2. Effort3. Inconvenienceiii. Empathy= Feeling compassion for ones distress1. Dan Batson said this leads to altruism2. He also found that similarity leads to altruisma. But is helping someone similar to use really altruism?iv. This debate isn’t as important anymore people have realized it isn’t possibly for the true self-sacrifice gene to keep making it through evolutionb. Evolutionary psychology= Helping evolved from kin selectioni. Kin selection= Selfish genes matterii. Explain self-sacrificeiii. Helping evolved through reciprocal altruism processc. Why else do we help?i. Reciprocity norm= We help people who will help usii. Social responsibility= We help people who need it1. Especially if the victim couldn’t control their situationiii. Cultural norms for helpingIII. Helping researcha. Bystander effect= the more people around an event the less people that will help.b. 3 stage modeli. Notice the person needs help 1. Distractedness and time pressure cause people not to noticeii. Interpret what the event is1. If others don’t interpret the event you are less likely to interpret itiii. Assume the responsibility1. Lack of empathy, fear, fatigue, and social loafing cause people not to assume responsibilityc. What increases helping?i. Create empathy for victimii. Model altruismiii. Educate people about things like the bystander effectiv. Guilt for not helpingv. Foot in the door phenomenond. What else effects helping?i. Happy mood increases helpingii. Bad mood like guilt and low self-esteem increase helpingiii. Personality traits1. Empathy, self-monitoring, religious behavior increase
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