MUSI 2060 1st EditionExam # 2 Study Guide Lectures: 11-18Terms- Two-beat bass: bassist plays the root of the chord on the first beat of a measure and thefifth of the chord on the third beat of the measure; associated with country - Flat-four beat: all four beats of the measure are emphasized equally- Standard song form (AABA): the A parts are usually subdivided into verse and chorus while the B part is melodically different and usually known as the bridge- Dominant: fifth pitch of a scale or the chord built on this pitch - Supergroup: members of the band had already gotten their fame from being in other groups and now they came together to form a new band- Vamp: short chord progressions used to mark time; singer can usually talk over them- Riff: melodic fragment repeated over and over where musical changes occur over them- Strophic song form: each verse is sung over the same music- Melisma: one syllable is sung over many pitches- Reverb: sound distortion that results in an echo-like effect- Subdominant: fourth pitch of a scale or the chord built on this pitch- Tonic: main or central chord of a key; first pitch of a scale- Polyphonic texture: two or more melodies occurring at once that are of equal importancePeople- Booker T. & the MGs: House band at Stax/Volt Recordso Associated with the Memphis Soul sound- Otis Redding: heart of Stax records, which ended after his deatho Associated with the Memphis Soul sound- Cholly Atkins: was in charge of the choreography and teaching band members the “rules” how to walk on stageo Associated with the Motown “assembly line”- Leon Huff: famous producer with Kenny Gambleo Associated with Philadelphia Sound- Sly Stone: born as Sylvester Stewart; influenced by Jimi Hendrixo Associated with the switch from soul to funk- Pete Seeger: formed Almanac Singers with Woody Guthrie o Associated with folk music- The Byrds: famous band associated with folk rock - The Markeys: the horn group in the Booker T. & the MGs o Associated with the Memphis Soul sound- Berry Gordy: created motown in Detroit (motor town); realized he had to do things on his own if he wanted to make any money so he dido Associated with Motown- The Funk Brothers: house band that gave Motown acts a uniform soundo Associated with the Motown “assembly line”- Thom Bell: producer and arrangero Associated with Philadelphia Sound- George Clinton: came up with the quote “Free your mind and your ass will follow”o Associated with funk- Peter, Paul, and Mary: famous band during folk protest movemento Associated with folk music- The Ventures: not a surf rock group at first but were instrumental and a large influence on surf rocko Associated with instrumental surf rock- Aretha Franklin: queen of soul; discovered by John Hammond then Jerry Wexler signs her up with Atlantic Records (Fame Studios)o Associated with Soul- Holland-Dozier-Holland: composers and producers Eddie & Brian Holland and Lamont Doziero Associated with the Motown “assembly line”- Kenny Gamble: famous producer with Leon Huffo Associated with Philadelphia sound- MFSB: house band known as “Mothers Fathers Sisters Brothers” or “Mother Fucking Sons of Bitches”o Associated with Philadelphia Sound - Woody Guthrie: principle influence on 1960s folk singers- John Hammond: A&R manager at Columbia records; discovered many famous artists including Aretha Franklin, Bessie Smith, Robert Johnson, Billy Holiday, etc.Styles CharacteristicsGenres- Instrumental surf rock:o Guitar-based bands (Fender solid-body guitars)o Guitar sound has tinny, trebly qualityo Lots of reverb on lead guitaro Fast, double-picking style (“staccato, machine gun picking”) Sometimes while chromatically sliding down neck of guitaro Often includes electric keyboard in band (piano or organ)o Drummer often doubles beat two of the backbeat rhythmo Drummer often fills with rapid snare drum beats (machine gun like)o If vocals are used, usually “oohs”, “ahs”, etc.o The Chantays, The Surfaris Song titles usually associated with surfingo Dick Dale: King of the Surf Guitar- Folk:o Voices Good vocal control Generally sung on pitch Do not shouto Lyrics Carry a message on social or political topics (peace, love, racial equality) Music to listen to and think abouto Harmony Simple, but avoid 12-bar blues and doo wop progressionso Rhythm Deep in background No backbeat Surface rhythms based on lyricso Sound Exclusively acoustic instruments Avoid elaborate recording tricks- No double-tracking- No overdubbing- No echo or reverb- “Honest studio sound” Generally appeals to college age or older More easily available on 12-inch LP record than on 7-inch 45 singleo Peter, Paul & Mary: Where Have all the Flowers Gone?o Woody Guthrie: principle influence on 1960s folk singers including Bob Dylan- Folk Rock:o Blends rock elements (electric instruments, drums, backbeat) with folk elements (message lyrics, tuneful melodies, clear vocals, singing in key)o Groups/Artists: The Byrds Buffalo Springfield Crosby, Stills, Nash, & Young- Country Rock:o Rock rhythm section (drums, electric bass, piano, electric lead guitar) combined with country swing band (acoustic rhythm guitar, mandolin, banjo, fiddle, pedal steel guitaro Bass often plays decorated 2-beat bass lineo Twangy lead guitar soundo Nasally vocals, southern/country accentso Close vocal harmonieso Stiff country-like rhythmso Even beat subdivisions, often played on ride cymbalo Song topics often about love gone bado Artists: Byrds Flying Burrito Brothers Creedence Clearwater Revival Eagles- Alternative country:o Influenced by country-style works of Bob Dylan Neil Young Gram Parsonso Characteristics Blend of Old Timey (Carter Family, Jimmie Rodgers) and punk (Black Flag, Clash) Basic guitar band (not much piano use) Augmented by country string band Electric bands with acoustic rhythm Use of distortion (guitars and vocals) Social, political topics (blue collar sentiments), some love songso Artists: Steve Earle Jason and the Scorchers The Old 97s Palace Uncle Tupelo  split into Son Volt and Wilco- Soul:o Gospel elements Freedom of performance (improvisation) Gospel voice inflections-Melisma (one syllable sung over many notes) Religious fervor (feeling) Call and response performanceo Rhythm & Blues