MUSI 2060 1nd EditionExam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 1 - 10TERMS- Call & response: antiphonal; when vocalist is answered by either a group of vocalists or by instruments, or in between instruments.- Field holler: a work song where the singer shouts out a melody so all other workers can hear; descending melody from this type of song because pitch starts out high then lowers by the end of the line- Blue notes: altered pitches of a blues scale; usually lowered 3rd & 7th scale degrees- 12-bar blues progression: 12 measures of 4 beats; 1st line uses tonic chords for both sung & fill; 2nd line uses subdominant for sung & tonic for fill; 3rd line uses dominant for sung & turnaround & tonic for fill- Ostinato: a melodic fragment that is repeated while other musical elements change; rif- Boogie woogie: jazz piano style that has a steady left hand ostinato; subdivides 4 beats in half which leads to 8 bounced pulses to each bar; ostinato left hand contributed to development of rock ‘n’ roll rhythm- Barrelhouse rhythm: named after origin of rhythm (barrelhouses or bars); bounced, long-short rhythm which is associated with boogie woogie- Downbeat: 1st beat of a measure; can also include beat 3 in a 4/4 measure- Strophic song form: all verses are sung to the same music but the lyrics change; most blues song are this song form- “Doo wop” progression: song form used by most rock ‘n’ roll vocal groups; tonic (major) - Submediant (minor) - subdominant - dominant- Slapped bass: playing the bass where strings are plucked and released so that they “slap” back into the fret/fingerboard- “Bo Diddley” rhythm: hambone rhythm; based on juba rhythm; a type of syncopated Black rhythm- Standard song form (AABA): musical structure that has two musical parts (A & B); the A part is played and repeated (8+8 measures), followed by the B part or bridge (8 measures) and another A part (8 measures) for an overall AABA (32 measures); sometimes A part is divided into verse & chorus- Rockabilly: another name for Memphis country rock; combination of rock ‘n’ roll and hillbilly/country music- Double stops: playing two notes then stopping the strings at the same time- Two-beat bass: bassist pays root of the chord on the first beat of a measure and the fifthof the chord on the third beat of a measure; associated with country music- Backbeat: putting a strong accent on the of-beats; in a four-beat measure, these would be on beats 2 and 4; basic rhythm of rock music- String band: musical ensemble associated with Southern country music; used acoustic guitars, a string bass, fiddles, a banjo, and maybe a mandolin (all string instruments); combined with the swing band rhythm section (pianos & drums) and horns for Western swing- Griot (Jali): singer/musician from Senegal and Gamba regions of western Africa; oral historians of their people and play string instruments as accompaniment (ex: kora); forerunners of the blues singers- Walking bass: type of bass line in which each beat of a measure is a diferent tone; enables bassist to go from one chord to the next- Shouter: lead vocalist in a jump blues band- “Smooch” tenor: tenor vocalist used to sing slow songs that teenagers would usually kissduring; only have in bands that were prosperous - Polyrhythms: 2 or more rhythms performed at the same time- Bent notes: notes that are slightly altered by pulling on string, raising/lowering the voice, tightening/loosening embouchure, or mouth position, on a horn; also called a blue note- Tonic: main pitch of a major key; the chord that is built on the first pitch of a scale; also called the main/central chord or the home chord of a major or minor key- Subdominant: the fourth pitch of a major or minor scale; the chord built on this pitch- Turnaround: melodic or harmonic formula played at the end of a chord progression to prepare for another repetition of the progression; usually end with a half cadence- The Blackboard Jungle: the first film to use rock ‘n’ roll in its soundtrack- “Rock ‘n’ Roll” = dancing/sex: when songs used the phrase “rock ‘n’ roll” it either meantdancing or an innuendo for having sex- Race records: all music recorded by African-Americans between the 1920s-1940s; includes blues, jazz, and ragtime; usually small independent labels that were distributed by the record company owner themselves; referred to as rhythm & blues records during the late 1940s- Cover records: recording that was recorded and released after the original version; doesn’t have to be same style or even the exact same lyrics; white performers usually covered black performers and “cleaned up” the lyrics allowing this new version to be on more radio stations- Hillbilly: derogatory term for country & western music- Slide guitar: when a metal or glass tube is place on the finger then slid up and/or down along a string associated with Mississippi delta blues- Fill: instrumental embellishment played during rests in the vocal melody; standard 12 bar blues has a fill at the end of each sung line; anything played by a drummer other than strict time-keeping- Dominant: fifth pitch of a scale; chord built on this pitch- Work song:- Riff: short melodic/rhythmic pattern that’s repeated over and over while musical changes take place over fragment; often harmonic and rhythmic basis of the entire songPeople- Norman Petty: producer & manager of Buddy Hollyo Chicago rock ‘n’ roll- Jerry Lieber & Mike Stoller: song writing and record producing partners; Stoller was the composer while Lieber was the lyricist; ex: Hound Dog o Rock ‘n’ roll- Sam Philips: founded Sun Studios; discovered many rhythm & blues and rock ‘n’ roll performers (ex: launched Elvis’s career)o R&B and rock ‘n’ roll- Jackie Brenston: singer and saxophonist in the band with his Delta Catso rhythm & blues- Charley Patton: father of the Delta blues; 1st recordedo Mississippi delta blues- Alan Freed: 1st to associate rhythm & blues with rock ‘n’ roll; Moondog’s Rock ‘n’ Roll party on late night radioo Rock ‘n’ roll- Scotty Moore: lead guitar with Elvis Presleyo Memphis country rock- Big Mama Thornton: 1st to record Lieber & Stoller’s Hound Dogo rhythm & blues- Cosimo Matassa: owner & recording engineer of J&M Studios; would set up 2 microphones for live recordingso New Orleans dance rock ‘n’ roll- Phil & Leonard Chess: