ARTH 103 1nd EditionExam # 2 Study Guide Lectures: 4-6Lecture 4 (September 23)ANCIENT AEGEAN ART & ARCHITECTURE- Chapter 4 Summary- Aegeans were known for their use of bronze in sculptures- Influenced by other cultures around the Mediterranean due to Aegeans being seafarers  people of the Ancient Near East were important trading partnersThe Cycladic Islands- Left behind no written record - Most sculptures are of women with little features  abstract- The asymmetrical patterns on the sculptures could have represented how the Cycladic people decorated their own bodies, whether it be permanent tattoos or temporary bodypaintThe Minoan Civilization on Crete- Economically self-sufficient, produced its own grains, cattle, fruit, etc.- Crete was a wealthy sea power, trading with main land Greece and the Ancient Near East- Was named “Minoan” after the legend of King Mions- Minoan society was not ruled by kings but rather by a confederation of aristocrats- Rhytons: vessels used for pouring liquids carved from soapstoneThe Helladic Culture- The Citadel at Mycenae was known to Greek writers as the home of Agamermnon, legendary Greek king and leader of the Greek army that conquered the great city of Troy- Walls that surrounded the Citadel were known as cyclopean because it was believed thatonly Cyclops could move such huge boulders- Important Pieces of ArtFigure of a Woman, Cycladic c. 2500-2200 BCE, marble- Very scarce features- Could represent a deity Minoan Complex at Knossos, Minoan, Crete c. 1900- 1375 BCE- Sir Arthur finds palace that he believes was in the story of King Minos- He reconstructs the site based on legend - The site was always reconstructed in ancient times due to the many earthquakes the island of Knossos experienced - Not even sure if it is a palace  unknown Minoan society structure - Food storage, sewage system means that the society lived a comfortable lifeBull Leaping, Minoan, from Knossos c. 1450- 1375 BCE- Fresco: painting on plaster; general term to describe this style of paintingo Buon Fresco: painting on wet plaster  preferable method Paint is absorbed into plaster and dries togethero Fresco Secco: painting on dry plaster Less durable method, paint chips off over time- Features scenes from everyday life- Different skin colors does not equal different races, but different genders o White figures= females red figures= male figures- Could be entertainers/acrobats jumping over bull or an initiation ritual“Flotilla”, Minoan, from Akrotiri, Thera c. 1650 BCE- Painted in a fresco style- Was thought to portray a sea military battle- It is an image that celebrates the seaPendant of Gold Bees, Minoan, c. 1700-1500 BCE- Techniques used originated in Ancient Near East- Filigree: small strands of metal are layered to create a lace-like effect- Repousse: pushing the back of the metal to make an indentation- Granulation: attaching tiny pieces of metal to other pieces using soldero Solder: melting metal to form a glue; must work fast because metal cools quickly- Ball held by bees represents a ball of pollen- Above the bees is a cage made of spider legs and inside the cage is a ball that rolls around- Spider references Athena, goddess of practical arts, wisdom, and warOctopus Flask, Minoan, Marine Style, c.1500-1450 BCE- Ceramic: made with clay and hardened with heat- Practical use of an art form- Very life-like; octopus accentuates the roundness of the jugLion Gate, Mycenaean, limestone relief, c. 1250 BCE- The animals symbolize royal powero Archeologists aren’t even sure if the animals are lions - Post and lintel doorway  Doleman structure- Relieving Arch: arch relieves the weight of stone on top of the doleman, it contains the two carvings of animals Treasury of Atreus (Tholos), Mycenaean c. 1300- 1200 BCE- Tholos is Greek for tomb- Above ground tombs; cone-shaped tombs covered with Earth- Filled with precious belongings of the deceased therefore called Treasury of Atreuso Fundamental misunderstanding because the belongings were not treasure- Dome is built in rows, each row is slightly smaller called corbelling- Heinrich Schliemann created “fake treasures” to make his discovery more importantVapheio Cup, Mycenaean, gold, c. 1650- 1450 BCE- Most likely made by Minoan artists- Narrative scene all around the cup- Olive tree symbolizes sacredness, therefore the cup could have been used in sacred ritualsLecture 5 (September 30) ANCIENT GREEK ART & ARCHITECTURE- Ch. 5 SummaryBlack-Figure Technique- Mix clay with outdoor pools to make clay malleable - Clay is placed on a potter’s wheel and in ancient times an assistant would have turned the wheel manually- Slip is painted on the unfired case that the artist wishes to be black and the area that is not painted with slip is used to draw on a scene- A preliminary sketch on the scene is drawn in charcoal which would later disappear during the firing process- Red ocher was used to depict clothes, blood, etc.- Pure clay turned white which depicted female figures- Air was allowed into the kiln which allowed the slip to turn red- Temperature was raised and air was cut off to create an oxygen-poor environment whichcaused the slip to turn black- Air was allowed in once more and the area that is not covered in slip turned redThe Classical Period- Divided into 3 phases based on the formal qualities of the art: Early, Classical, and High - Charioteer: a rare life-size bronze cast statue, contains fragments of a bronze chariot and horses, a commemoration of a victory by a driver in the Pythian gamesCeramic Painting- Early Classical artist  Douris, skill in composing complex figural scenes that respond to the complicated and irregular pictorial field The High Classical Period- The use of the word “high” to qualify the art of this time reflects the value judgments of art historians who have considered this period a pinnacle of artistic refinement, producing works that set a standard of unsurpassed excellence- Sparta and Athens turned on each other in a series of battles known as the Peloponnesian War- Acropolis: “high city”- The Pantheon focuses on proportions—especially the ration of 4:9  expressing the relationshipof breadth to length and also the relationship of column diameter to space between columns- Best-known theorist of the High classical period was the