ARTH 103 1nd Edition Lecture 6 Outline of Last Lecture XVI. Geometric Period c.900-700 BCE & Orientalizing Period c.700-600 BCEXVII. Archaic Period c.600- 480 BCEXVIII. The Classical Period (Early, High, & Late) c.490-323 BCEOutline of Current Lecture XIX. The Classical Period (cont.)XX. The Hellenistic PeriodXXI. Ancient Etruscan Art & ArchitectureXXII. Ancient Roman Art & ArchitectureCurrent LectureXIX. The Classical Period- The Late Classical Period - Greece was invaded by Macedonia- Slowly let go of classical standards- Ephebe: young male gods  young male minor gods that would sometimes be a male lover to a god- *Aphrodite of Knodos*, marble- First time females have nude statues- Sculpted by Praxiteles  accredited with bringing females into sculptures - Venus Pudica Pose: how females are posed in sculpture; posed to cover up provocative body parts- *Alexander the Great Confronts Darius III at the Battle of Issos*These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.- Alexander conquered the Persian Empire; therefore known as “the great”- An intelligent military and political leader- Originally painted by Philoxenos of Eretria- Dies in battle- Painting portrays a winning victoryXX. The Hellenistic Period - Heladic or Hellas: term Greeks used to refer to themselves- Greek influence spread to far places- *Altar from Pergamon (Reconstruction)*, modern-day Turkey, marble- Uses ionic columns but missing ionic elements - No frieze at the ceiling but rather at the base- Frieze subject: battle of godso Compared to Greek art, figures are very exaggerated - Realism is being used  not everything is perfect - *Nike (Victory) of Samothrace*, marble- Stirs drama due to attention to detail- Sat on too of a cliff that overlooked a harborXXI. Ancient Etruscan Art and Architecture - Present-day Tuscany- Greek influences because Etruria bordered Greece- Had contact with the Ancient Near East because they were great sea farers - *She-Wolf*, bronze- Etruscan people believed that their lineage started with the god twins Romulus & Remuso Twins are from mortal woman and the god, Marso Mortal woman’s brother gets jealous so he steals the twins and leaves them in a forest to dieo A wolf rescues the twinso Twins grow up and return to the town to govern it- History of the sculpture is sketchy speculation with the sculpture if it was really made in the timeframe- *Apollo*, from Veii, painted terra cotta- Acroterion: sculptures along temple rooftops- Working with clay on this scale is difficult due to the life-size quality of it - Figure is hollow on the inside- Clothed instead of nude- *Burial Chamber, Tomb of the Reliefs*, living rock, stucco- Stucco: plaster used to decorate a surface- Stucco was used to create everyday objects the dead would need - *Couple on a Sarcophagus*, from Cereveteri, terra cotta- Originally the figures would be holding a glass of wine- Did not fear the afterlifeXXII. Ancient Roman Art & Architecture ca.1st century BCE- 4th century BE- Founding myth of Rome:o Anchises sails to Troy around the time of the Trojan Waro Anchises and Venus have a child named Aeneaso Aeneas comes back to Italy to create and establish Romeo He finds Rome by finding the site of 30 pigs- Romans believed they were descendants of the gods- The Republican Period c. 509- 27 BCE- Ancient Rome had a Senate that usually contained patricians  wealthy, elite citizens- Plebians: common men- Naturalism is used in sculptures of elected representatives- Romans invented concrete: cheap, portable, and lightweighto Most Roman buildings were made with concrete on the inside- Concrete walls were covered with veneer due to the porosity of it - Opus Reticulatum: “network”, consisted of diamond-shaped bricks - *Temple of Portunis*- Portunis was a minor god, god of ports- Ionic columns were used, but the temple is not open on all sides - Engaged columns: columns half-stuck into the wall- No decoration on the outside  typical of Roman architecture- The Early Imperial Period ca. 27BCE- 96 CE- Julius Caesar tries to make himself an emperor  later assassinated- Augustus Caesar (Octavian), Julius’ nephew  takes over the senate- *Augustus of Primaporta*- Augustus became the focus of art- Most famous sculpture of Augustus- Romans embraced individuality when it came to sculptures- Baby below Augustus is Cupid- Cupid is riding the back of a dolphin which represents Venus- The higher beings in the sculpture was meant to symbolize that Romans came from the gods- Sculpture was painted-*Ara Pacts Augustae* (Altar of Augustan Peace)- Built to honor Augustus’ peaceful reign- Pax Romana: Roman Peace- Conquered Gaul (modern-day France) and Hispania (modern-day Spain)- Altar is surrounded by precincts: walls that surround the altar - *The Unswept Floor*, Heraklitos- Litter of a high society Roman feast- Trompel’oeil (fool the eye): created a 3-D effect- *Colosseum* (Flavian amphitheater)- Also known as the Flavian amphitheater, largest amphitheater in the world- Elliptical shaped and was located in the center of Rome- Made out of stone and concrete- Could hold between 50,000 and 80,000 people - Used for gladiator contests, executions, etc.; mostly used for entertainment- The High Imperial Period ca. 96-180 CE- *Marcus Aurelius*, bronze, originally gilded- Equestrian Statue: “horse riding” sculptureo Expensive to produce, usually portraits of military commanders or rulers- Displays power and grandeur; holding hand out like Augustus’ sculptures- Rare for Equestrian statues to survive because they were often melted down to reuse - Not melted down because it was incorrectly thought to be the first Christian Emperor- Patina: a thin layer of chemical compounds that protect the surface from harsh exposure- *The Pantheon*- Built with Corinthian columns - Built with unreinforced concrete- Rotunda: circular plan covered by a dome - Currently being used as a Roman Catholic Church- Late Imperial Period ca. 200- 400 CE- *The Tetrarchs*, from Constantinople - Sculpture made out of porphyry: rock that contains large crystals, porphyry means “purple” in Greek and it was the color of royalty- Tetrarchy is a group of 4 rulers instituted by Diocletian: