ARTH 103 1nd EditionExam # 4 Study Guide Lectures: 10 - 12Chapter SummariesCh. 15; Romanesque Art- The children of aristocratic families joined religious orders to help forge links between monastic communities and the eliteCrusades- First Crusade directed by Pope Urban II and captured Jerusalem in 1099- Second Crusade directed by St. Bernard and led by France and Germany accomplished nothing- Third Crusade led by German, French, and English kings as a rebellion when the Muslim leader Saladin captured back Jerusalem- Crusades helped stimulate trade with the Westerns and Muslims which led to an increase of urban societiesRomanesque Art- Romanesque means “in the Roman manner”; coined to describe early medieval European church architecture- Church of Sant Vincenc: a great example of one of the “First Romanesque” o To strengthen the walls and vaults, the masons added vertical bands of masonry  strip buttresseso Transverse arch: supporting arch which runs across the vault from side to side, dividing the baysPilgrimage- Pilgrims would journey across Europe to reach holy destinations and they would encounter bad food, poisoned water, and dishonest innkeeperso The priest Aymery Picaud wrote a guidebook for pilgrims on their way to these holy siteso Guidebook provided info on: local customs, safety of food and drinking water, and usefulphrases in the common language used- The Church decided that every altar require a relic  this caused relics to multiply because of divvying up Saints’ bodies- “Theophilus” is the pseudonym used by a monk who wrote a book during the first half of the 12th century on the practice of artistic craft The Cathedral of St. Mary of the Assumption in Pisa- Designed as a cruciform basilica by the builder, Busketos- Contained a campanile: a free-standing bell tower; now known as the Leaning Tower of PisaThe Benedictine Church of San Clemente in Rome- Spolia: reused from ancient Roman buildings- Baldachin: a canopy suspended over a sacred space; also called a ciborium; symbolized the Holy Sepulcher, covers the main altar in the apse- The apse is decorated with marble revetment on the curving walls and mosaic in the semidomeo Mosaics attempt to recapture the past glory, portraying the trees and rivers of paradiseElements of Architecture- Tympanum: a hieraratically scaled image of abstract grandeur such as Christ in Majesty or Christ presiding over the Last Judgment- Archivolts: Curved moldings composed of the wedge-shape stone voussoirs of the arch- Jambs: both sides of an entranceChrist on the Cross (Majestat Batillo)- Presents a clothed, triumphant Christ, rather than the seminude figure - Clothing represents his kingship and his robe is meant to resemble Arabic script  a reminder that silks from Islamic Spain were highly prized in Europe at this timeCh. 16 Gothic Art - Cathedrals were being built at a fast pace during this time- Gothic style started in France during the time of King Louis VII and Philip AugustusStained Glass Windows- Glass is made by bringing sand and ash to a molten state and then “staining” it with color through the addition of metallic oxides- Then it was blown and flattened into sheets- A cartoon: a full-scale drawing used as a guide as to where to cut the glass- Done on an hot iron that would crack the glass into a rough approximation that could be refined by chipping away at the edges carefully with an iron tool  called grozing to achieve the precise shape neededGothic Churches- Stone masons were in charge of all church construction in the Middle Ages- Triforium: Arcaded wall passageway - Lancets: tall openings with pointed tops - Plate tracery: holes are cut into the stone wall and nearly half the wall surface is filled with stained glass- Chartres Cathedral has most of its stained-glass windows, unusual for French Gothic Cathedral’- Architects in Germany created the hall church: a type of open, light-filled interior space that appeared in Europe in the early Middle Ages; the Church of St. Elizabeth of Hungary is an example of thisImportant Works of ArtRomanesque Art- * Reliquary Statue of St. Foy*, gilding on wood with gems- Contains part of St. Foy’s skull; believed to have healing powers- A martyred Saint as a child- A neighboring monastery stole the relic and claimed that St. Foy appeared saying that she’d rather be at the neighboring monastery- Reliquaries often portray what is contained inside- *Reconstruction drawing of the Cathedral of St. James*- Built to hold the relic of St. James who is considered to be the brother of Christ- St. James is beheaded in Jerusalem o Hundreds of years later his skeleton is washed up on the shores of Compostelao A shepherd found the skeleton by being led by a bright star- Cathedral is huge to accommodate the overwhelming amount of pilgrims - *Plan of Santiago de Compostela*- Ambulatory: walkway that goes around the perimeter of the Churcho Made to view relics around the church and not to disrupt service - Small chapels contained relics- Transcept contains a second entrance for pilgrims- *Plan of Abbey Church of Notre-Dame*- Multiple buildings surrounded a cloister: a covered walkway- Separate buildings dedicated to the convent’s trade- Church for the religious leaders that lived there- *Nave of Durham Cathedral*- Geometric patterns all over the columns and was painted - 3 Part elevation: Arcade, gallery, clerestory- *Cathedral Complex, Pisa*- Has Byzantine elements - Pisa  under Islamic control until the 11th century- Relatively short buildings and contain heavy decoration within- Does not contain stone vaulting- * South Portal and Porch, Priory Church of Saint Pierre*- Pilgrimage entrances are always located on the South or North faces of a church- Church is dedicated to St. Peter- Carvings are inspired by Islamic art- * West Portal from the Cathedral of Saint Lazare*- Representation from the Book of Revelations especially the Last Judgment- Portals were meant to instill fear so pilgrims would repent for their sins- Christ is surrounded by a mandorla: all over-body halo- Inscription is the artist’s name: Gislebertus; it was uncommon for artists to inscribe their nameo Theory is that then name inscribed is a wealthy man who funded the project- *Christ in Majesty*- Abstract style closely resembles the style portrayed in illustrated art- *Virgin and Child in Majesty*- Christ is seated in the Virgin’s lap; this is known as Sedes Sapientiae translates in