ARTH 103 1nd Edition Exam 3 Study Guide Lectures 7 9 Chapter Summaries Jewish Early Christian and Byzantine Art Jewish people trace their origin to a Semitic people called the Hebrews who lived in the land of Canaan King Solomon built a temple in Jerusalem to house the Ark of the Covenant known as the First Temple o Items to build the temple were received from Phoenicia First Temple the spiritual center of Jewish life contains courtyards two bronze pillars an entrance hall a main hall and the Holy of Holies the innermost chamber that housed the Ark and its attendant angels The Babylonians destroyed the First Temple The Temple was rebuilt by Cyrus the Great of Persia and it became known as the Second Temple Early Christian Art The Christian Bible The Christian Bible is divided into two parts the Old Testament the Hebrew Bible and the New Testament The New Testament includes the four Gospels the Acts of the Apostles the Book of Revelation and the Epistles 21 letters of advices and encouragement written to Christian communities in Greece Asia Minor and other parts of the Roman Empire Communal Christian worship focused on the central mystery or miracle of the Incarnation of God in Jesus Christ and the promise of salvation The earliest Christians gathered to worship in private apartments or houses Syncretism artists assimilate images from other traditions and give them new meanings Ornant Figures worshipers with arms outstretched in prayer can be pagan Jewish or Christian depending on the context in which they occur The Christian Catacomb of Commodilla long rectangular niches in the walls called loculi each held two or three bodies Rich families created small rooms called cubicula hewn out of tuba soft volcanic rock then plastered and painted with imagery related to their owners religious beliefs Longitudinal Plan and Central Plan Churches Longitudinal Plan churches characterized by a forecourt the atrium leading to an entrance porch known as the narthex which spans one of the building s short ends Nave a long congregational area o Row of columns separate the high ceilinged nave from one or two lower aisles on either side o Nave was lit by windows along the upper level called a clerestory Apse A semicircular projection functions as the building s focal point where the alter is located Transept a wing that crosses the nave in front of the apse to make the building in the shape of a cross Central plan Buildings contain a more vertical axis from the center up through the dome which may have functioned as a symbolic vault of heaven Early Byzantine Art Pendentives concave spherical triagles between arches that rise upward and inward to form a circular opening on which a dome rests Squinches diagonal lintels placed across the upper corner of the wall and supported by an arch or a series of corbeled arches that give it a nichelike shape o They create an octagon provides a solid based around the perimeter of a dome Christian churches are identified by a three part descriptive title combining 1 designation or type with 2 dedication usually to a saint and 3 geographic location Moscow was to be the Third Rome The venerating of icons intensified in Russia Islamic Art Aniconism avoidance of figural imagery Islamic art includes surface decoration in manipulating line color and pattern Ablaq masonry juxtaposes stone of contrasting colors Cut tile made up of dozens of individually cut ceramic tile pieces fitted together Muqarnas consists of small nichelike components usually stacked in multiples as successive nonload bearing units Wooden strapwork assembles finely cut wooden pieces to create the appearance of geometrically interlacing ribbons Chini khana a panel of niches sometimes providing actual shelving The Mongol invasions brough political instability but it also bought renewal and artistic exchange Calligraphy the art of fine hand lettering Kufic letters only 3 to 5 lines per page and it provided clarity because books were often shared by multiple readers Important Works of Art Early Christian Jewish Art Torah Niche Wall House Painting Converted into a synagogue emphasis on studying the Torah Entire wall is decorated with fresco paintings illustrating the Torah Baptistry of a Christian House Church Very well preserved filled houses with rubble so Persians would not be able to enter Good Shepard with Adam Eve One of the earliest paintings of Christ Symbolism painting of how Christ is a shepherd who takes care of his people Synchrotism seeing multiple layers of meaning at one time Naked figures Adam Eve first man and woman Good Shepard marble Small sculptures due to thou shall not worship false idols o Must worship in secret or face persecution of the Roman Empire Clothing is worn by Christ to separate him from Roman gods Celebrating the beauty of the divine instead of the human body Reconstruction of Old St Peter s Basilica Tombs are buried underneath the floor Built to honor St Peter built on top of his grave site Transcept provided more space visually transformed the building into the shape of a cross o Became the way that Early Christian Churches were built Oratory of Galla Placidia Was thought to be Galla Placidia s mausoleum Mosaics of grape vines symbolizes wine which is a reference to the Eucharist The Good Shepherd Less humble image of Christ halo around head to show divinity Wearing gold and deep purple these colors were exclusively used for royalty Byzantine Art Hagia Sophia Built when Justinian was unpopular Means Church of Holy Wisdom rare example of a church being named after a concept instead of a saint Mathematically and visually perfect Christian Church Mosque Museum Characterized by heavy decoration Central Dome of the Hagia Sophia One of the most complex parts 40 windows around the dome creating a heaven like effect o made the dome structurely unsound Virgin Child with Saints Angels Byzantine icons are typically painted on wood Created by using encaustic technique mixing paint with wax making a luminous effect Virgin is portrayed as Theotokos bearer of God Virgin Mary and child are portrayed in a formulaic way Islamic Art Dome of the Rock Octagonal shape elaborate shrine with rock in the middle o Believed to be the site where Muhammed spoke to god First known instance to use script a decoration Everyone was taught to read so they could study the Qur an Minbar from the Kutubiya Mosque A type of seat podium that an Imam would give a sermon from Strapwork taking thin strips of