ARTH 103 1nd EditionExam # 3 Study Guide Lectures: 7 - 9Chapter SummariesJewish, Early Christian, and Byzantine Art- Jewish people trace their origin to a Semitic people called the Hebrews, who lived in the land of Canaan- King Solomon built a temple in Jerusalem to house the Ark of the Covenant; known as the First Templeo Items to build the temple were received from Phoenicia- First Temple: the spiritual center of Jewish life; contains courtyards, two bronze pillars, an entrance hall, a main hall, and the Holy of Holies: the innermost chamber that housed the Ark and its attendant angels- The Babylonians destroyed the First Temple- The Temple was rebuilt by Cyrus the Great of Persia and it became known as the Second TempleEarly Christian ArtThe Christian Bible- The Christian Bible is divided into two parts: the Old Testament (the Hebrew Bible) and the New Testament- The New Testament includes: the four Gospels, the Acts of the Apostles, the Book of Revelation and the Epistles: 21 letters of advices and encouragement written to Christian communities in Greece, Asia Minor, and other parts of the Roman Empire,- Communal Christian worship focused on the central “mystery”, or miracle, of the Incarnation of God in Jesus Christ and the promise of salvation- The earliest Christians gathered to worship in private apartments or houses- Syncretism: artists assimilate images from other traditions and give them new meanings- Ornant Figures: worshipers with arms outstretched in prayer- can be pagan, Jewish, or Christian, depending on the context in which they occur- The Christian Catacomb of Commodilla: long rectangular niches in the walls, called loculi, each held two or three bodies- Rich families created small rooms called cubicula: hewn out of tuba, soft volcanic rock, then plastered and painted with imagery related to their owners’ religious beliefs Longitudinal-Plan and Central-Plan Churches- Longitudinal-Plan: churches characterized by a forecourt, the atrium, leading to an entrance porch known as the narthex which spans one of the building’s short ends- Nave: a long, congregational areao Row of columns separate the high-ceilinged nave from one or two lower aisles on either sideo Nave was lit by windows along the upper level called a clerestory- Apse: A semicircular projection; functions as the building’s focal point where the alter is located- Transept: a wing that crosses the nave in front of the apse to make the building in the shape of a cross- Central-plan Buildings: contain a more vertical axis, from the center up through the dome, whichmay have functioned as a symbolic “vault of heaven”Early Byzantine Art- Pendentives: concave, spherical triagles between arches that rise upward and inward to form a circular opening on which a dome rests- Squinches: diagonal lintels placed across the upper corner of the wall and supported by an arch or a series of corbeled arches that give it a nichelike shapeo They create an octagon  provides a solid based around the perimeter of a dome- Christian churches are identified by a three-part descriptive title combining (1) designation (or type), with (2) dedication (usually to a saint), and (3) geographic location - Moscow was to be the “Third Rome”- The venerating of icons intensified in RussiaIslamic Art- Aniconism: avoidance of figural imagery- Islamic art includes surface decoration, in manipulating line, color, and pattern- Ablaq masonry: juxtaposes stone of contrasting colors- Cut tile: made up of dozens of individually cut ceramic tile pieces fitted together- Muqarnas: consists of small nichelike components, usually stacked in multiples as successive, nonload-bearing units- Wooden strapwork: assembles finely cut wooden pieces to create the appearance of geometrically interlacing ribbons- Chini khana: a panel of niches, sometimes providing actual shelving- The Mongol invasions brough political instability but it also bought renewal and artistic exchange- Calligraphy: the art of fine hand lettering- Kufic letters  only 3 to 5 lines per page and it provided clarity because books were often shared by multiple readersImportant Works of ArtEarly Christian & Jewish ArtTorah Niche Wall House Painting- Converted into a synagogue  emphasis on studying the Torah- Entire wall is decorated with fresco paintings illustrating the TorahBaptistry of a Christian-House Church- Very well-preserved; filled houses with rubble so Persians would not be able to enterGood Shepard with Adam & Eve- One of the earliest paintings of Christ- Symbolism painting of how Christ is a shepherd who takes care of his people- Synchrotism: seeing multiple layers of meaning at one time- Naked figures  Adam & Eve; first man and womanGood Shepard, marble- Small sculptures due to “thou shall not worship false idols”o Must worship in secret or face persecution of the Roman Empire- Clothing is worn by Christ to separate him from Roman gods- Celebrating the beauty of the divine instead of the human bodyReconstruction of Old St. Peter’s Basilica- Tombs are buried underneath the floor- Built to honor St. Peter; built on top of his grave site- Transcept: provided more space, visually transformed the building into the shape of a crosso Became the way that Early Christian Churches were builtOratory of Galla Placidia- Was thought to be Galla Placidia’s mausoleum - Mosaics of grape vines = symbolizes wine which is a reference to the Eucharist The Good Shepherd- Less humble image of Christ  halo around head to show divinity - Wearing gold and deep purple  these colors were exclusively used for royaltyByzantine ArtHagia Sophia- Built when Justinian was unpopular- Means “Church of Holy Wisdom”  rare example of a church being named after a concept instead of a saint- Mathematically and visually perfect- Christian Church  Mosque  Museum - Characterized by heavy decorationCentral Dome of the Hagia Sophia- One of the most complex parts- 40 windows around the dome  creating a heaven-like effect o made the dome structurely unsoundVirgin & Child with Saints & Angels- Byzantine icons are typically painted on wood - Created by using encaustic technique: mixing paint with wax making a luminous effect- Virgin is portrayed as Theotokos: bearer of God- Virgin Mary and child are portrayed in a formulaic wayIslamic ArtDome of the Rock- Octagonal shape; elaborate shrine with rock in the middleo Believed to be the site where Muhammed spoke to god- First