ARTH 103 1nd EditionExam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 1 - 3Lecture 1 (August 26)Paleolithic Period aka Stone Age Important Pieces of Art & its ImportancePALEOTHITHIC ARTLion-Human: shows highly complex thinking and creative imagination to make a figure that is only seen in the imaginationWoman from Willendorf: naming artworks before the spoken language is important; first known as Venus from Willendorf  evoked a religious connotation although there may not be a religious connectionHorses, Rhinoceroses, & Aurochs: contains a lot of artistic technique such as overlapping, value,and contourHall of Bulls: contains twisted and composite pose; a 360 degree panorama- Cave paintings were discovered in hard-to-reach places, leading to the belief that cave paintings were for a privileged group to gain knowledge- Caves also contained relief sculptures; often times created by modeling, shaping damp clay of the cave’s floorBird-Headed Man: one of the few human figures in cave paintings and one of the few that told a storyNEOLTHIC ARTWoman & Man: showed an evolution through a more labor-intensive artStonehenge: most mysterious work of art due to the mystery of how it was constructed; very complex art form due to the different layers of construction; site of ceremonies liked to death and burial; megalithic structures are often associated with deathLecture 2 (September 2) Sumerian Art and Culture- Cuneiform: symbols that were pressed into clay tablets with a stylus to keep records-- Most famous piece of writing: The Epic of Gilgamesh- For those who could not write, cylinder seals were made  rolled over wet clay and left a signature impression- Ziggurats: huge stepped structures with a temple or shrine on top; each god and goddess had their own ziggurat- Votive figures were placed at the bottom of ziggurats by the common people for a stand-inAkkadian Art and Culture- Most Akkadian culture was adopted from Sumerian culture- Spoke a Semitic language- Sargon I, the Akkadian conquered most of Mesopotamia- Important Artwork  Head of Man: Sargon I sculpture; deliberate damage to the left side of the face and the eyes  mutilated to symbolically destroy its power; the ears and the inlaid eyes have been removed to deprive the head of its ability to hear and see- Important Artwork  Stele of Naramsin: honors military victoryThe Hittites of Anatolia- May have been the first people to work in iron  used for war chariots, weapons, chisels, and hammers for sculptors and masons- Noted for the artistry of their metalwork and for their imposing palace citadels with double walls and fortified gateways- Hittite Stronghold at Hattusha; blocks of stone used to frame doorways were decorated in high relief with a variety of guardian figures that were 7ft tallBabylonia- Stele of Hammurabi: outlines all the laws made by Hammurabi; used iconographyNeo-Babylonia- Most famous Neo-Babylonian ruler was Neuchadnezzar II - Important Artwork  Ishtar Gate: crenellation (notch-like gate effect)Assyria- Conquered all of Mesopotamia - Most art glorified military power and aggressiveness- Important artwork  Assurnasirpal II Killing Lions; element of naturalism; Assyrians tend to not use the hierarchy scalePersia- Darius I ruled Persia  constructed Persepolis; one of the best-preserved and most impressive ancient sites in the Near East- Imported work and materials from all over the empire resulting in a multicultural style ofart that combined many different traditions – Persian, Mede, Mesopotamian, Egypt, and GreekLecture 3 (September 9)Egyptian Mythology- Ra: creative force of the universe; god of sun; ancestor of gods and goddesses- Shu, Tefnut: male & female- Geb, Nut: Earth & Sky- Osiris: god of the underworld- Seth: god of chaos- Horus: child of Osiris & Isis, god of protection- Hathor: goddess of protectionNew Kingdom & Important ArtworkThe Palette of Narmer- Palettes were originally used to store kohl  eyeliner to protect Egyptians against the sun and sweat- Dedicated to Narmer for successfully uniting upper and lower Egypt- Iconography: Falcon  Hours Human Head  kingdom of lower Egypt Papyrus flowers  symbol of lower EgyptMastaba- Tomb for the dead- Serdab: chapel within the Mastaba- Sarcophagus: layered coffin in which a preserved body is placed- Ka Statue: stand-in statue when body disintegratesOld KingdomGreat Pyramids of Giza- Greatest Egyptian construction; no room for miscalculations- Built for Khufu, Khafa, and Menkaure- Sphinx is made to model a lion’s crouching body and Khafa’s headTi Watching a Hippopotamus Hunt- Shows that the government can control chaos due to hippopotamus representing Seth, god of chaos- Canon of Proportion: based on a grid; Egyptian artists used this to make important figures abstract and all the sameNew Kingdom- Kings started to refer to themselves as pharaohs literally meaning great house- Change in religion led to praising the god, Amun- Temple architecture became important rather than just tombsTemple of Hatshepsut- Tomb dedicated to the first female pharaoh: Hatshepsut- Tomb was marred due to Hatshepsut stealing the throne from her nephew and stepping out of Egyptian norms as being a female