BIOL 302 1nd Edition Lecture 9Outline of Last LectureNucleic AcidI. DNAII. RNAIII. NucleotidesOutline of Current Lecture I. Difference of DNAs & RNAsa. Bb. Ac. Zd. Transfer/MessengerII. DNA FunctionIII. DNA ReplicationCurrent LectureI. Difference of DNAs & RNAsa. Bi. Common in RNA, 10 base by turnb. Ai. Single Strandedc. Zi. 12 base by turn. Left handed helixd. DNA structure is very populare. Base Pairing:i. Anti-parallelii. Self-replicatediii. Polar bonds between hydrogen and oxygen is partially positivef. The difference is that RNA is single strandedg. Single sequence that has bases to it folds onto themselves and results in internal base pairingi. Harleem Loop (what its called)ii. Stem-loop structuresh. Transfer RNA: four leaf cloverThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.i. Messenger RNA: multiple stem leaf structures. If it contains a lot of them then the ribosome cant translatei. Orientation of double stranded is still anti-parallelii. Very specific iii. Ribosomal – 1-D but actually 3-D. folds up just like a protein and in a really complicated way – functions as enzymesII. DNA Functiona. Genetic encodes proteins (simple view) there are multiple levels. Hemoglobin is only expressed in red blood cells (which stores information in DNA) – encodes in DNAb. Genetic code: a lot of base pairs but only 2% encodes proteinsi. 98% does everything elseii. Information is divided into units. Each codon specifies each amino acid1. ATG: start codon2. UAA, UGG, UAG: stop codonsiii. Transcription (DNA  RNA)1. Huge amount of DNA identifies where the gene is and unwinds it, opens and the RNA polymerase copies DNAiv. Translation (RNA  protein) 1. Same sequence because they are compliments2. Top strand - copying strand (template)v. Information is stored in the nucleus, protein is synthesized in the cytoplasm by copying and sending it off – like a printervi. RNA comes off and carriers into translation (2nd step)vii. Wobble position: doesn’t matter what the 3rd one is, it’ll have the same amino acid – there are 20 different amino acids but 64 different combinationviii. Neutral Mutation: change in the sequence but no change in the amino acidix. Universal1. Central Dogma: flow of information from one form to anotherx. Chromosome: how DNA replicates1. Histone, 2 copies of each chromosomes2. Bacteria has one single chromosomea. No way to keep that on one long lineb. 23 pairs – 2 copies of eachi. Autosomes Chromosomes (1-22)ii. Sex Chromosomes – last twoIII. DNA Replicationa. Site of replication on thousands of sights – telomeres (ends of chromosomes)b. Normal cells have limited life span corresponds to telomeresc. Demonstrates multiple sites on every chromosomesd. Pulse Labelingi. Labeling takes place in culture & adds in media. Thymidine: precursor (sugar and base) – it can get in the cell  dttp (radioactive)1. When its being synthesized it takes into the new strand2. Same x-ray but liquid form3. Can see the DNA and sees the radioactive4. Bubbles represent the DNA.5. Corners is where the radioactive material isii. Fork: where replication is being placese. Pulse-Chase Labelingi. Adds 20 minutes for labeling. ii. Radioactive is being placed original DNA.iii. The next DNA material is being more into the center which allows us to make the same conclusions 1. Both replication forth is moving outward equally – bidirectional – 50 nucleotides per