BIOL 302 1nd Edition Lecture 11Outline of Last LectureChromosomesI. DNA ReplicationII. Replisome III. TelomeresIV. End of ReplicationV. TelomeraseOutline of Current LectureI. CentromeresII. ChromatinIII. NucleosomesIV. Protein Coding GeneV. Gene StructureCurrent LectureI. Centromeresa. Some kind of restriction referred to centromere because they each have differentlocationsb. These hold sister chromatids together required for portioning, it helps chromosomes be pulled apartc. Centromeres is a DNA sequence that act as binding sitesd. Centromere Binding Sequences: once bounded to a sequence it is called contecticori. Functions in binding the DNA sequence and microtubulese. ATP generator are considered dynein-like structures and move down the tubules which act like a platform and pull the chromosomes apartf. DNA carrying information; if you change the sequenceg. It is required for stabilityII. Chromatina. DNA + a lot of proteins (Histones) – very difficult to explain and describe the amount of DNA in the nucleus b. DNA has to be packed in the nucleus and is highly organizedThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.c. Took protease and digested all the proteinsd. Extract and spread out – visualizinge. 30 nm ~ considered thickf. detergent breaks down weak bonds by relaxing – referred to as ‘beads on a string’ (nucleosomes – basic subunit – made up of proteins that get spooled around with DNA)III. Nucleosomesa. What is it made out of?i. Isolated with detergent and nucleosomes are apartii. Then you denature them with high salt and heatb. Anaylsis:i. Gel Electrophroesis:1. Really common technique that separates and estimates sizes2. Takes place through material – semi-solid (can move through it but is still solid3. Runs negative to positive and moves through a current 4. Protein A is much more complex that protein B (single)5. Larger more slower that the tiny ones6. Two kinds of gel:a. Protein Gel Stainb. DNA Gel Stainc. 4 different histone proteins is twice as much histones than DNA = 2 copies of eachd. CONCLUSION: Nucleosome contains 8 histones and 146 base pairsi. Histones are not very big and have a very high % of lysine and argene (both positively charged proteins)1. The positive charge binds better with DNA which are on the extreme ends of the DNA2. Globular structure: excludes water but lysine and argene interact good with water3. They self assemble through optima in a specific fashion in flat disksa. DNA wraps around 2 times; spooling itb. 146 base pairs because it is treated DNASE – DNA resisted with DNASE4. Can bind with any DNA a. Primary 1st degree of spooling5. Histone 1: came off DNA by detergent. Binds single H1 to the endsof the DNA – addition of 5th histone – caps nucleosome a. Can self-assemble with themselves and causes some coiling effect and get 6 chromosomes per coil6. Loop represent individual gene that encode proteins7. Staff holding proteins: connect to create the looping with an interphase cell. IV. Protein Coding Genesa. Human have 1300 b. Viruses can’t thrive without implanting free living organisms (which have at least 600) V. Gene Structure:a. 2% of genome that cells generate different symbols in different parts = different functionsb. transcribed are the genes on open box; copies open up strand which is where initiation occurs at transcription initiation site.c. Everything downstream are given a + number, everything upstream is given a – number.d. How the gene is transcribedi. Sequences are important, there are some sequences that are fermentation sequences (tells them to stop)1. Regulates whether or not the DNA would get transcribed2. Different genes in different sectionse. Primary transcript: pre-cursors not read to be usedi. Split. Not together on RNA – to function it has to be togetherii. Split to Exons and Codons (introns)iii. Coding, each has to be précisesiv. Noncoding off by 1 nucleotide = another amino