BIOL 302 1nd Edition Lecture 8Outline of Current Lecture Nucleic AcidI. DNAII. RNAIII. NucleotidesCurrent LectureI. DNA: a. Stores genetic informationb. Sizes ~3,000 nucleotidesc. Human chromosomes have over 100 million link together and way much larger than proteinsII. RNAa. Have very different activities and functions and are really tinyb. Few 100,000’s RNA (largest). mRNA: 2,000 i. Three types of RNA: messenger, transfer, and ribosomal: standard RNA wemissed a lot of information which resulted in missing the important fact that RNA has enormous amounts of functions which play into a role in thephysiology of the cellc. Stores information (HIV, flue virus, polio)d. Gene expression regulatione. Protein synthesis – which are involved in the construction of proteinsf. Enzymatic functions and propertiesIII. Nucleotidesa. 3 components:i. 5-carbon ribose sugar1. Sugar carbons are numbered 1-5.a. #1: where the base attachesb. #2, #3, #4: are in the ringc. #5: not included in the ring and is attached to the triphosphate – high energy binds lots of oxygen molecules because of negative charges (unstable).i. Alpha (nearest carbon to #5)These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.ii. Betaiii. Gama (farthest)2. Nucleoside: sugar + base. NO PHOSPHATE3. DNA: deoxyribose, missing an –OH group from the #2 carbon4. RNA: ribose sugar, oxygen is reactive and carries out functions ii. 5 different bases1. 2 families:a. Pyrimidines: 6 member rings, C.U.T.,b. Purines: double ringed, A.G.c. **Uracil and Thymine are identical but thymine include an extra –CH3 groupiii. Phosphate groupb. How do they come together?i. 3 prime hydroxyl on the #3 sugar creates a bond between oxygen and alpha (phosphodiester bond- the linkage of 2 sugars/nucleotides) then releases beta and gamma ii. During DNA synthesis – polymerase adds nucleotides together at the 3-prime hydroxyl from the bottom. 1. NH -------------------------------------- COOH2. 5’ ------------------------------------- 3’ [SAME RESEMBLENCE & VERY SPECIFIC]iii. 5 prime triphosphate stays the same; 3 prime hydroxyl is where the extension occursiv. Chains are acidic because it gives off a protein and is very polar because itcontains many oxygen moleculesv. RNA sequences are typically the same way1. 2-prime hydroxyl can cut the phosphodiester bond and create a new bond. This undergoes auto-hydrolysis: which bonds with any new phosphate; the RNA cuts itself whereas the DNA does not – proves that RNA has a lot of different activities and also that RNA is more unstablec. Enzymatic RNA Functionsi. Can cut other RNAs. mRNA with a specific mRNA can cut it and destroy that messageii. Protein synthesis in RNA: amino acids need to be linked together in order to make peptide bonds – RNA enzyme (ribozyme) links amino acids together iii. This can maybe cause it to cleave (is it usable for therapeutic? Or a virus? Possibly)iv. There are 100s of RNA in a cellv. Enzymatic: not transferring or storing genetic information, it is used for metabolism1. sRNA: for slicing2. Long non-coding: larger but does not code for proteins; for gene expression and regulation and functionvi. Led to the RNA world = popular book1. Nature of modern RNA. During pre-cells RNA can exist and carry genetic information. Resulted in unstable and lousy storage media.Evolutionary discovered: once the 2-prime hydroxyl was lost and itbecame more stable and also changing the uracil to thymine madeit more stable d. DNA (double Stranded – double helix)i. Two strands – discovered by Watson and Crick. When they sorted out the structure, they built the model – very essential to theii. Chargaff’s Rule (born 1905-2002)1. 1940s – 1960s2. Broke down components and found that the moles of A + G = to the moles of T + C. The moles of A = T and the moles of G = C3. Some kind of symmetry and base composition of DNA varies from one species to the other4. The G and C pairs (3 hydrogen bonds) are stronger than A & T (2) due to the amount of hydrogen bonds5. Structure fit together and always paired; genetic information has to be able to replicate in order to pass down through generationsa. Genetic information comes from the bases6. Anti-parallel strands with bases that are