Lecture 9 Outline of Last Lecture I. Antioxidant and redox regulation of gene transcription Outline of Current Lecture II. MacroevolutionA. Allopatric and sympatric speciationB. Patterns of macroevolutionIII. MicroevolutionCurrent LectureMicroevolution is within a speciesMacroevolution is the evolution of a new speciesWhat is a species? Anthro 1031st editionAll you need is reproductive isolation - that is allDefinition: Group of organisms that produce a viable offspring that is fertile itselfEx: Can cross a horse and donkey to get a mule, but mules can't reproduce with each other, so they aren't fertile and horses and donkeys do not come from the same speciesProcess of speciation: allopatric or sympatricThe root -patric refers to place, where you liveAllopatric - different placesSympatric - same placeThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.Allopatric speciation:Geographic isolation (leads to reproductive isolation)Vicariance - continental driftAustralia had marsupial mammals back in Cretaceous period, then Australia broke off into its own continent, and only marsupial mammals are found in Australia because it didn't mix with other species from other continents (until humans brought new ani-mals to the continent)Something beyond species control separates them - causes geographic isolation (glacier separating a species, continental drift, etc)Dispersal - go to new habitat (by choice, versus vicariance)Primates in Africa go to MadagascarWatched video on salamander allopatric speciation in CASalamanders divided at central valley - some adapted by becoming more camoflouged, other adapted by mimicking the coloring that made them look poisonous to predators. Will soon be completely separate species.Sympatric speciation: same country, one placeEx. of reproductive isolation in one placeAxolotl (salamander) - Amphibians typically hatch eggs in water, go through larval state, become adult (able to reproduce)Axolotl never undergoes metamorphosisBecome sexually mature in larval stage - adults have traits of larval salamandersmutation that restricting thyroid stimulating hormoneNormally developed salamanders don't recognize these axolotl as potential mates, even though they are sexually mature, because their bodies don't look like adults.*Don't have to look different to be different species - just need reproductive isolationPatterns of Macroevolution:Anagenesis - straight line evolutionFrom A to B to CCladogenesis - branchingSpecies A can continue to be A or branch into Species B, which can continue as B or branch into CEx: The salamanders in CAAdaptive radiation - 'rapid' cladogenesisHappens in certain circumstances:Animal goes to new place and there are new, open nichesEx: Mammals replace dinosaur, New World monkeys, Lemurs of MadagascarMost dinosaurs went extinct, leaving open new niches that mammals took overPrimate gets to Madagascar where there is wide open space withloads of ecological diversity - leads to lots of lemursNew adaptation - amniote egg, bipedalismamniote egg - enclose in shell (ex: turtles)Means eggs can be laid on land - not tied to waterGoing from climbing in branches to walking on two feetPace of evolution:Phyletic gradualism (evolution is gradual); Darwin's viewFossil predictions?Scientists didn't believe Darwin because they didn't find fossils to show this gradual change. Darwin believed the fossils hadn't been found yet or were elsewhere because ofcontinental driftPunctuated equilibriumstasis - periods of no change'punctuation' - point where evolution is no longer static and thereis a rapid burst of evolutionary change, before becoming static againFossil predictions?Not necessarily going to find transitional fossilsTransitional fossils:We now have these transitional fossilsFound fossil of jawless fish (kind of like