Lecture 13 Outline of Last Lecture I. Variation in Modern Humans, Adaptation Outline of Current Lecture II. PrimatesA. ClassificationB. Taxonomy Current LectureBergmann's Rule - same species tend to be larger in cold climates than in hotclimatesPerson who is shorter and wider is better at conserving heat in cold cli-mate than person who is long and narrow Anthro 1031st editionAllen's Rule - organisms living in a hotter environment will have long, narrow appendages and organisms living in colder environments will be more com-pactAltitude:stress = hypoxia (low amount of oxygen in air at high altitude)Other issues: cold, undernutrition (hard to grow crops at high altitude)Cultural adaptation: wear thicker clothing, oxygen masksDevelopmental: Have larger lungs than those who do not grow up at high altitudes; ribcages are slightly larger to accomodate big-ger lungsPrimates:very diverse (many live in trees, not all do)These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.What is a primate?-difficult to define-easier to characterize by tendencies in a suite of characteristics-genetically a distinct group apart from other comparable mammalsLinnaeus gave humans the genus and species Homo sapiens (italicized)Note: Genus is capitalized, species is notWritten in italicsMammalian Orders:-30 living ordersExs: Carnivora - dogs, lions, bears, etcCetacea - whalesRodentia - 42% of mammal speciesChiroptera - bats, 20% of mammal speciesCLASSIFICATIONHow do we classify organisms?-Phenogram-Linnaeus said to group things that look alikeEx: Lion grouped with tiger, housecat is next most similar, then squid, then pine coneAnatomical vs. GeneticEx: Have butterfly, beetle, and rhinocerosButterfly and beetle are grouped together, rhinoceros is separateAnatomical: Group butterfly and beetle together because they are similar, rhinoceros separateGenetic: Group butterfly and beetle together because they have a com-mon ancestor that the rhinoceros did not haveEx2: Lizard, crocodile, and birdAnatomical : Lizard and crocodile grouped together, bird separate (arranged in phenogram)Genetic: Crocodile and bird together (common ancestor), lizard separate (arranged in cladogram)Anatomical - similar adaptationGenetic - relatedness - "phylogeny" (evolutionary history of a species)TAXONOMY = namingAnatomical (= phenetic) Genetic (= cladistic)Monophyletic - common ancestor and all descendentsParaphyletic - common ancestor and subset of descendantsPolyphyletic - subset of ancestors; from different cladesPrimates are a monophyletic groupLast common ancestor of all primates shared by lemurs and loris (strepsir-rhine), tarsiers, New world monkeys, old world monkeys and apes (hap-lorhine)-New/old world monkeys and apes are 'anthropoid'-Lemur, loris, and tarsier are 'prosimian'"Ape" is a paraphyletic groupHuman is monophyletic groupChimpanzee, bonobo, and human is monophyletic grouGorilla, chimpanzee, bonobo, and human is monophyletic groupNotice that it meets on the rightmost line and all species above that point are in the monophyletic groupPrimates are flexible......anatomically, behaviorally, and ecologically"Generalized" vs "Specialized"Primates by and large are generalizedPrimates have not specialized away from the general mammal conditionEx: 5 digits (fingers)Other species who are specialized have changed to fit specific needs (horse has one digit ("finger", leg)Rhino has 3 digits (claw)Camel has 2 digitsIf confused, look up picture of these animals and look at their