Lecture 11 Outline of Last Lecture I. Modern Human Variation Outline of Current Lecture II. Variation in Growth and DevelopmentA. Plasticity B. Life History TheoryC. Prenatal StageD. InfancyE. ChildhoodCurrent LectureFranz Boas - 1911Came to U.S. and became founder of modern anthropologyU.S. was considering changing laws to disallow "inferior" immigrants from entering the U.S. Asked Boas for his opinion Anthro 1031st editionCephalic index - shape of head: width + lengthBoas measured the shape of the skull of Eastern European Americans and went to Eastern Europe and measured those Eastern Europeans tooFound that children born in U.S. had different skulls than those of their parents born and raised in Eastern EuropeImmediate environment in which the child is raised affects size of skullCan't use head size to determine race because people of same race but raised in different environments would be classified as different racesNot permanent 'racial' traitThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.Plasticity - 2 people with same genotype have different phenotype based on environmental circumstances. Phenotype depends on genotype and environ-ment. Sensitive to environmentLife History Theory: Ex: organism has finite amount of resources to use over its life. Ogranism has to grow, avoid being eaten by predator, maintain basic meta-bolic functions, reproduce - these all require certain amount of energyShould the energy be used for growing quickly or reproducing quickly? Et ceteraWhat is the best way for humans to spend their finite amount of energy? Success is measured by whether you reproduce, not if you grow quickly or anything elseEx: It works for humans to live life slowly, but it works for mice to live life quickly. Mouse brain grows very quickly but body growth grows slower. In-vests energy in brain growth to the detriment of body size. Reproductive sys-tem reaches maturation very quickly. Invests in reproduction instead of body size. Mice are food for lots of predators so it makes sense for them to repro-duce quickly before they are killed.Human brain is invested in heavily. Reproduction is delayed for a long time. We live longer lives so we don't worry about early reproduction. We also don't produce litters so we invest heavily in the few infants we do have.Prenatal stage:Plasticity: sensitive to environment (intrauterine environment)1st trimester - organogenesis (creation of ultimate organs) If something hap-pens in this stage, it affects the organs which affects health later in life2nd trimester - body length3rd trimester - weight and organ developmentBirth weight: indicates prenatal successBirth - a major change of environmentDepending on which stage there is an environmental circumstance in, it will affect the fetus in different waysBirth weight compared to adult diabetes chart:Chart shows that the smaller a baby was born, the greater their chance of di-abetes. Men aged 59-70 years old developed diabetes 60+ years after their birth.Infant weight compared to adult coronary heart disease chart:Infants weighed at 1 year of age who were smaller had a higher rate of adult coronary heart diseaseHuman infancy:Begins at birthLactation, nursing, mother's milkEnds with weaningProducing milk takes more energy than carrying a babyHumans wean our babies much younger than other mammal species (we wean when baby is 2.7x birth weight. Mammals wean when baby is around 4x birth weight)Childhood:Begins at early weaningDeciduous teethWeaned but not independent (other species have to get their own food after weaning)Special 'weaning' food (baby food, foods that are nutritious but don't require a lot of chewing)Care by others (than mom) - older sibling, grandparent, etc.Uniquely human - (care by others)Overlapping offspringOther mammals:Baby is born, goes through infancy, is weaned, goes off to do its own thing, mother has another babyHumans:Baby is born, weaned extraordinarily early, someone else takes care of child so mother can have another babyNone of the children have reached independence - we can have over-lapping infantsInterbirth intervals:Apes > 5 yearsHumans: can have 1 yr old, 2 yr old,