Lecture 18 Outline of Last Lecture I. Early homininsOutline of Current Lecture II. Different AustralopithecinesA. afarensisB. africanusC. robustusD. sedibaE. garhi III. Homo habilis vs. Australopithecines Anthro 1031st edition IV. Homo habilis vs. Homo erectusCurrent LectureAustralopithecus afarensis3.9 - 3.0 myaMany individualsLarge molars, thick enamelObvious biped,...but arboreal too?Laetoli footprints -> bipedLucy -> almost complete skeletonChild fossil tells us that its growth and species was not human-likeThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.Australopithecine adaptation:4-1 myaBipedal exploitation of...terrestrial,...sparsely distributed,...tough foods, in...gallery forest, woodland, savannahsmall brain and body size (re Homo sapiens)'Robust' australopithecines (vs. 'Gracile')'Robust'East Africa, 2.5-1 myaAustralopithecus boiseiteeth for grinding - small front tooth, big back molarsAustralopithecus africanus3-2 mya South AfricaTaung youngster 1924 - juvenile that didn't have permanent teeth yet3 years old when he died but he had what we consider a 6 yr. old molarDeveloped more like a chimpanzee, who gets molar around age 3Different life historyAustralopithecus robustusSouth AfricaExtinct 1 myaStrong mandible, sharp zygomatics (cheekbones)Australopithecus sedibasmall hand but had a lot of manual dexterityS. Africaaround 2 myaAustralopithecus garhi2.5 myafound near lakeshore in Ethiopia-Stone tools?-Long legs-lakeside habitat...suggest Homo ancestorHomo habilis2.3 - 1.4 myaFound by Louis Leakey (1960)juvenileFound:mandible w/teethparietals (part of cranium)hand, wrist bonesfootOldowan tools nearbyShort heightHomo rudolfensis?1.8 myabigger brain, 775 cclarge, flat face, round craniumHomo habilis vs. Australopithecines:larger brain - slightlyhigher, rounder cranial vault - in some specimenssmaller molar teeth - in somesmaller chewing apparatus - in somemore 'human' limb proportions - not yetincreased body size - in some (maybe)slow (delayed) maturation - not yetdependence on cultural adaptations - slightly moreHomo habilis vs. Homo erectusYes to all of the things listed above (larger brain, smaller molar teeth,
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