Lecture 14 Outline of Last Lecture I. Primates can be specialized:grasping hand, feetnails (not claws)visionlarge brainslow reproduction, parentalAnthro 103 1st edition'investment' Outline of Current Lecture II. Primate behaviorA. socialB. reproductiveC. learnedD. cooperativeCurrent LecturePrimate behavior:Behavior can increase fitnessBehaviors are learned (can also have a genetic basis)Natural selection (some behaviors favored)Behavior evolves (behavioral phenotype)These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.Primate social behavior:Groups are highly organized-large groups, kin, age-mates, alliances, ranksIndividuals have complex relationshipsThe more individuals in a group, the more kinds of relationships there areRelationships are long lastingtoday's actions affect the futureSocial intelligence and ecological intelligenceGroup organization and mating systems:1. one male - multi female: polygynyone male dominates females. females are fine with this because he is dominant and has territory-all male groups2. one female - multi male: polyandryex: marmosetsmultiple females in the group but one is reproductivewhen twins are born, they could each have a different father3. multimale - multifemale: polygynandry, promiscuityex: baboonsmultiple males and females interbreed4. one male - one female: monogamy, pair-bonded5. solitaryPrimate reproductive behavior: (Darwinian fitness)What is the best behavior?Depends on your sexFor females, food is scarce - limits reproductionlactation is energy-demandingFor males, females are scarce - limits reproductionTherefore, lots of competition concerning reproductionFemale vs. female for foodMale vs. male for females (Doesn't mean the winner gets the female, since she has a choice as well)Reproductive behavior: Female primatesHow can a female succeed?Food helps but is limitedgestation and lactationCompete with other femalesdominance hierarchies (dominant female gets priority at feeding sites)avoid other females (ex: chimpanzees)Choose "good" malesWho control resources (food)Good genes (peacock's tail) - females choose males who have somethingex: big and healthy male, shows good immune systemHelpful fathersFemales choose males that show maternal traits, will help protect childReproductive behavior: Male primatesHow can a male succeed?-Females have few offspring - ovulate, pregnancy, lactate, wean - takes a long time before they can have another offspring-Females are "limiting resource"-Its the number of females that a male can mate with that determines his reproductive success -leads to competition between males-Sexual dimorphismUnlike in peacocks who have a phenotypic trait to impress females, males can have phenotypic trait to battle other males (bigger body size, larger canines)Dimorphism index = male mass size divided by female mass sizeIf index number is 1, males and females are the same sizePrimate cooperative behavior:There isn't only competitionCooperation can increase fitnesschimps hunt togetherbonobo female alliances - unrelated females (not sisters) work to overcome the male dominant hierarchymales help females (raise offspring)females often choose males who raise offspring over dominant males"cooperative breeding"Primate learned behavior:Culture?-potato washingex: monkey saw potato on sandy beach, went to water to wash it off. Fellow monkeys observed her doing this and in a few generations it was a part of the culture. Old monkeys did not do this (old dog, new trick), but young monkeys did.-tools - chimpsmake tools for foraginguse spears to stab into trees where nocturnal monkeys are (babies watch parents do this - learned behavior, making spears is not genetic)non-material culture (hand clasp, vocalization)Strepsirrhini:Africa, Asiamany are nocturnaltooth combno postorbital closurelong muzzle, wet noseimmobile upper lip - don't have range of facial expressions that humans do, can't communicate with many facial expressionsfast reproductionlemurs, loris, galagoHaplorrhini:tarsier, new world monkeys = platyrhiniold world monkeys, apes =