Lecture 21 Outline of Last Lecture I. Homo erectus Outline of Current Lecture II. Lumpers vs SplittersIII. Anagenesis vs CladogenesisIV. Similaritites between 'archaic' and modern homo sapiensV. Two hypothesesVI. CultureVII.DNA Current LectureAnthro 1031st editionLumpers - people who see a lot of variation in fossils but lump everything into one species; we have a lot of variation and we are the same species, so its the same for the fossilsEarly 'archaic' Homo sapiensLate 'archaic' Homo sapiensModern Homo sapiensSplitters - look at the same fossils as lumpers but think there is more varia-tion than you would find in one species, so they split them into different speciesHomo erectus evolved into...Homo heidelbergensis evolved into...Homo neanderthalensis andHomo sapiensThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.Anagenesis - evolution starts with form A, over time form A becomes form B, form B becomes form CCladogenesis - form A can continue and branch off into form B, form B can continue and branch off into form CThings that are similar between 'archaic' homo sapiens and modern homo sapiens:Brain sizeDecreased skeletal robusticitySmaller teethIncreased cultural complexityHowever, the cranium of an 'archaic' homo sapiens is lower and longer than our round cranium2 hypotheses: Both start 2 myaOut-of-Africa: (splitter pov)Homo erectus started in Africa and went off to Asia, etc.Then Homo erectus went extinct and was replaced by Homo heidelbergensis,who traveled around the world. Another speciation event happened and H. neanderthalensis and H. sapiens branched off.Multiregional Continuity: (lumper pov)Homo erectus left Africa and split off to Asia, Europe, etc.There is regional variation of Homo erectusIn each place (Asia, Europe, etc.), Homo erectus was evolving towards Homo sapiensGene flow between populations kept Homo erectus as one species even though they had separated regionallyThat's why there are modern human beings in Asia who look different from modern humans in Africa. There was enough gene flow to keep us as one species, even though we adapted to our environmentsIn Africa - Kabwe, Zambia:Fossil foundHomo erectus evolved into...Early archaic Homo sapiens (lumper) OR Homo heidelbergensis (split-ter)Asia:Fossils with larger brain than Homo erectusEurope:Smaller molar teethFront teeth (incisors) heavily wornCulture:ToolsEarly: Acheulean toolsLater: Levallois techniqueHuntingHafted tools - stone tool attached to stickEntire carcass - control of resources. Don't cut off leg and run away, take entire animalButchery marksLarge animals (Rhino) - good hunters, take on challenging animalsSpear - 19 horses - cooperationDenisovan 'archaic'?New fossil consisting of:1 pinky bone1 molar tooth30,000-50,000 years agoDNA:more closely related to neanderthals than us, but split a long time agoshared with some modern humansNeanderthals had shorter distal limbs (tibia, radius) compared to modern hu-mansHeavy, robust femur compared to us (the giant, thick femur from lab)Adaptation, natural selection for Neanderthals to have short body adapted tocoldMorphology present in men, women and children from western europe to
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