SOCI 205 Lecture 11 Outline of Last Lecture Social Class and Social Stratification I. Social differentiation II. Social stratification III. Systems of social stratificationa. Stratification systems are usually categorized into 1 of the 3 types:i. Estate ii. Casteiii. ClassIV. What is social class?a. Common subjects, such as clothing and cars become symbols of one’s class.b. Socioeconomic status (SESV. Classa. Upper class--5%b. Upper middle class-- 15%c. Middle class hard to identify d. Lower middle class-- 33%e. Lower class--20%f. Urban underclass: homeless, unemployedVI. You can observe the everyday reality of social class by noting the status that different ordinary objects have within the context of a class system. VII. Analyzing social classa. The 3 significant measures of socioeconomic status i. Incomeii. Occupational prestige iii. Educational attainment VIII. The class structure of the United States: Growing inequalitya. Economic restructuring IX. Analyzing Social Class a. Urban underclass X. Povertya. The poverty lineb. Feminization of poverty Outline of Current Lecture Social Class and Social Stratification continued.. I. Inequality and class: a. Housing foreclosuresb. Tax breaks for wealthy c. Congressional Bailoutsd. Education e. Distribution of loans that target particular groups II. Theoristsa. What analyses of social stratification do sociological theorists provide?i. Weber- stratification involves economic, social, and political dimensions III. Analyzing Social Classa. Class conflict (Karl Marx); owners vs. workersb. Defined class relationships as: means of production i. bourgeoisieii. ProletariatPetty bourgeoisie iii. Lumpenproletariat Gender I. Determine your Gendera. Nature determines whether you are male or femalesb. Society gives significance to this distinction II. The social construction of Gendera. Gender is constructed from birth (or earlier)b. Parents might select pink clothes and dolls for baby girls, sports clothing and brighter colors for boys. c. Sexd. The Hijras of India e. Biological determination III. Gender socializationa. Gender Identityb. Gender socializationi. There is even different gender play as children, girls play in kitchen and boys play with cars ii. Genders have specific body imagesiii. People are starting to go against and focus on what is realc. Agents of gender socialization i. Familyii. Peersiii. Religion d. Gendered institutions IV. Gender Stratificationa. Gender stratification b. Gender apartheid V. Women’s worth: still unequala. Men are now more involved in housework and childcare b. Hochschild 1989 “The second shift” VI. Gender and Social ChangeArticle: Chicana and Mexican immigrant women at work Current LectureSocial Class and Social Stratification continued.. IV. Inequality and class: a. Housing foreclosuresi. Housing declines b. Tax breaks for wealthy i. Wealthy doesn’t pay the same amount of taxes c. Congressional Bailoutsd. Education i. Ex: lower class students might have schooling that is good enough to allow them to go to a four year collegee. Distribution of loans that target particular groups V. Theoristsa. What analyses of social stratification do sociological theorists provide?i. Weber- stratification involves economic, social, and political dimensions 1. Economic--How much access you have to material goods 2. Status/social—social judgments are recognition given to a person 3. Political/party—this is the ability to negotiate themselves through a decision 4. People have the ability to gain resources beyond economic needs5. People will be rewarded more for social status6. To be a part of a higher class you have prestige and power 7. Power isn’t always with money VI. Analyzing Social Classa. Class conflict (Karl Marx); owners vs. workersi. Marx says that the elite control everyone ii. Felt fight for economic prestige based solely on moneyiii. Marx felt conflict would arise when the workers got tired of being taken advantage of by those in power b. Defined class relationships as: means of production i. bourgeoisie(capitalist): 1% of people in the US hold all means of productionii. Proletariat: sell their labor for money iii. Petty bourgeoisie: small business owners and managers, identify with capitalist but don’t the means of production1. Eventually they would fall into the working class during the iv. Lumpenproletariat: Under class: the poverty stricken people v. Marx felt conflict would arise when the workers got tired of being taken advantage of by those in power Gender VII. Determine your Gendera. Nature determines whether you are male or femalesi. Biological aspect b. Society gives significance to this distinction i. Even in Disney movies they are taught early on in childhoodVIII. The social construction of Gendera. Gender is constructed from birth (or earlier)b. Parents might select pink clothes and dolls for baby girls, sports clothing and brighter colors for boys. c. Sex: refers to the biological identity, being male or femaled. Are difference between men and women biologically determined?i. Your sex is biologically determined but gender is socially determined e. The Hijras of India i. Men are born male but grow into being female. ii. In india a third gender is constructed of being neither male or femalef. Biological determination: biological phenomenon to biological determinants i. Men are more aggressive although testosterone doesn’t make you more aggressiveIX. Gender socializationa. Gender Identity: one’s definition of oneself as a woman or manb. Gender socialization: men and women learn the expectations associated with their sexi. There is even different gender play as children, girls play in kitchen and boys play with cars ii. Genders have specific body images1. Women should have a small waist and skinny2. Men should be strong and tall iii. People are starting to go against what is realc. Agents of gender socialization i. Family1. When you first come into the world the family enforces a gender on you by the way they dress you ii. Peers1. You are separated by gender, girls play house and boys play football 2. Acting outside of these children play is problematiciii. Religion 1. There are roles in religion for men and women, women are told tosubmit to their husbands2. Women are not allowed to be priestsd. Gendered institutions: the total pattern of gender relations that structure social institutions i. Enforce the dominant way of thinking and genders so stereotypes arise ii. Placement