Founding Figures: Saw industrialization as leading to dramatic social change- Emile Durkheimo Set rules for studying society: Social facts Social solidarity (trust) Organic solidarity Mechanical solidarity Collective conscienceo Part of the FUNCTIONALISM SOCIETY: Has many parts that must be balanced Theory that seeks to explain social organization and change in terms of roles performed by different- Social structure- Phenomena- Institutions Society is made of many parts that work as a whole Order= normal state of society Consensus= foundation of social ordero Evolutionary concept of change- Karl Marxo Social Conflict Theory seeks to explain social organization and change in terms of conflict  built into social relations resources unevenly distributed society divided in terms of class or status=conflicto Class conflict Saw this as the main source of social changeo Class division: depends on ownership of means of productiono Proletariat= working classo Bourgeoisie= capitalist class Capitalist development led to increasing inequality with concentration of income and wealth in fewer and fewer handso OWNS the means of production Factories  Fields Ships- Max Webero Religion and social changeo Verstehen, formal rationality, bureaucracies Bureaucracy defined by Weber:- A type of formal organization based on written procedural rules arranged into a clear hierarchy of authority- Proved that they can be found in many different societies- Characterized them as RATIONALo Organized based on knowable rules and regulations- Realized they can also be REASONABLEo Confluence of factors: Led to capitalism in western Europe rationalization of society- social, economic, and cultural life- was becoming organized according to principles of efficiency rationalization and secularization- Expansion of religion and science led to ‘disenchantment’o Rationalization= KEY dynamic of modern development which led to secularization social, economic and cultural life was becoming organized according to principles of efficiencyo Class divisions: depended on skills, credentials and social status Means of production These elements are independent of propertyo Status: Social honor/prestige a particular group is accorded by other members of societyo Life chances: A person’s opportunities for achieving economic prosperityStructural Functionalism:- Explain social organizations and change in terms of roles performed by different social structures - Characterized as made up of many interdependent parts- Accept rather than question status quoSocial Conflict:- Seeks to explain social organization and change in terms of the conflict that’s built into social relations- Resources unevenly distributed - Society divided in terms of class or status which lead to conflictSymbolic interactionism:- A micro sociological perspective that posits that both the individual self and society as a whole are the products of social interactions and other symbols- Herbert Blumer & George Herbert Mead- Symbols= representations of things that are not immediately present to our senseso One’s sense of self develops through interactions Teach us how to act, what to say/think Ex: McLeod’s “ain’t no makin it”- Annette lareau’s:o Parenting strategies differ by social classo Middle class- concerted cultivation Highly active  Busy all the timeo Working class- development of natural growth Less structure More initiative of what to do with timeChapter 1:- Birth of Sociology:o Can trace roots through 4 interrelated historical developments: Scientific revolution- Offered scholars a more advanced understanding of physical world- Science could be fruitfully applied to human affairs- Enabled people to improve society or perfect it Enlightenment- Apply scientific understanding to human affairs- Emile Durkheim argued that sociological understanding would create more egalitarian , peaceful society  Industrialization:- Rapid social change and growing inequality- Karl Marx stated that this would make life increasingly intolerable for the masses- Wool, textiles, cottage industry, social and economic development- Technology and production come together Urbanization- Breakdown of stabilizing beliefs and values- Move to city to work in big factories; including women and children- Bad living situations- ‘dark satanic mills’- Norms: accepted social behaviors and beliefs- Sociological imagination: C. Wright Millso Ability to grasp the relationship between individual lives and the larger social forces that help to shape them- Social embeddedness: idea that economic, political and other forms of human behavior are fundamentally shaped by social relations- Positivist: was to be based on facts alone; determined scientifically and allowed to speakfor itself- Agency:o Ability of individuals and groups to exercise free will and to make social changes on a small/large scale- Structure:o Patterned social arrangements that have effects on agencyo Can enable or constrain agency- Anomie:o Social condition of normlessnesso State of normative uncertainty that occurs when people lose touch with the shared rules and values that give order and meaning to their lives- Double consciousness:o Awareness of themselves as both Americans and blacks, never free of racial stigmao DuBois sought to show that racism was widespread in US- Macro-level paradigms:o Concerned with large-scale patterns and institutionso Symbolic interactionism- Micro-level paradigms:o Concerned with small-group social relations and interactions- Manifest functions:o Obvious and intended functions of phenomena or institutions- Latent functions:o Functions that are NOT recognized or expected- Globalization:o Process by which people all over the planet become increasingly interconnected economically, politically, and environmentally- Social diversity:o Social and cultural mixture of different groups in society and societal recognition of difference is significant- Ethnocentrism: o Worldview whereby they judge other cultures by standards of their own culturesChapter 2:- Variables:o Independent- produces an effect on another variable; what is changedo Dependent- affected by independent variable; variable we try to understand/observe- Correlation:o Simultaneous variation in 2 variables- Causation:o Changes in on factor results in change in another; hard to proveo What is needed to establish: