Exam 2 Notes https ecampusprod tamu edu bbcswebdav pid 1778792 dt content rid 12294873 1 courses SOCI 205 502 1531 SOCI 20205 502 20Lecture 208 20Slides pdf https ecampusprod tamu edu bbcswebdav pid 1784668 dt content rid 12372435 1 courses SOCI 205 502 1531 SOCI 20205 502 20Test 202 20Jeopardy 20Review 20 20Answers pdf https ecampusprod tamu edu bbcswebdav pid 1778814 dt content rid 12372433 1 courses SOCI 205 502 1531 SOCI 20205 502 20Test 202 20Study 20Guide 281 29 pdf Stratification Systems Status Social stratification power that result Structured inequalities The social honor of prestige given to a particular group by other members of society How individuals and social groups are divided in society and the inequalities of wealth and Social inequalities that result from patterns in the social structure Social stratification has increased throughout human history as People have produced more wealth and there are more resources for them to fight over Characteristics of Stratification Rankings Apply to groups of people who share characteristics but do not necessarily interact or identify with each other o A groups position in the ranking system affects life experiences and opportunities o The ranking system changes slowly Slavery A form of social stratification in which some people are literally owned by others as their property Total subjection of individuals to the interests of their owners o Ex Ancient Greece United States the Caribbean o Women and girls in international sex trafficking Estate System o Politically based system of stratification characterized by limited social mobility o Rights and duties separate individuals and distribute power unequally o Feudal Europe Antebellum South Caste System o A social system in which one s social status is given for life o Social life is segregated o Intimate relationships are restricted to members of ones own caste Class o Class o Life Chances Fluidity A large group of people who hold similar material prosperity and power A person s opportunities for achieving economic prosperity o No clear cut boundaries no legal or religious rules prohibiting mobility Class is economically based o The higher the class the more one s material resources o Large scale and impersonal Passage of norms values and social practices from one generation to another through Cultural Capital Social Reproduction socialization Non financial social assets Education Dress physical appearance Intellect Style of speech Bourdieu 1973 Embodied state Objectified State Institutionalized o Owning of material products o Educational qualifications credentials Theories of Stratification Ontological Equality o Everyone is created equal in the eyes of God Equality of Opportunity o Being able to relate to a material product in personal way that is learned at home o Inequality acceptable when same opportunities for advancement available to all people who are judged by the same standards Equality of Condition Equality of Outcome o An equal starting point from which to pursue goals o End with same rewards regardless of starting point opportunities or contributions Early Understandings o Inequality means for controlling population growth o More equal distribution of resources increased world population to unsustainable Rossueau Malthus Hegel Karl Marx o Private property creates social inequality Social Conflict levels Mass starvation and conflict o Master Slave Dialectic o Characterizes most social relationships o Interdependence for both master and slaves o Class based on relationship to the means of production o How production of material goods is carried on in a society including technology and social relationships between producers o Capitalist vs Working Class Capitalists economic structures Working Class People who own companies land or stocks and use them to generate People who sell their labor to capitalists and generate surplus value o Class divisions based on relationship to means of production and social closure Practices by which groups separate themselves from other groups o Besides relationship to the means of production class divisions depend on skills credentials and social status o Pariah groups prevented from opportunities Groups who suffer from negative status discrimination o Stratification is functional o Important positions in society require special skills and offer greater reward o Most qualified people fill the most important roles and receive the greatest benefit o Criticisms What is important Overlooks the way stratification limits the discovery of talent People do not have equal access to economic cultural resources C Wright Mills o Elite Mass Dichotomy System System of stratification that has a governing elite Power Elite A few leaders who broadly hold the power of society Frank Parkin o Exclusion o Usurpation Max Weber Davis and Moore Class and Social Mobility The Upper Class More affluent members of society Race and Ethnicity Race is a social and historical concept Race cannot be ascribed to biology 85 chance of being similar to anyone in the world Racialization o The Process by which new racial identities are formed using ideological boundaries of difference around a formerly unnoticed group of people o Can be institutionalized into exploitive political or economic systems Racialization over time o Racial categories vary across time and culture o Evidence from census data 1790 the only options to pick from were 1870 1890 Free white males Free white females All other free persons Slaves White Black Mulatto 1 2 black Chinese White Black Mulatto 1 2 black Quadroon 1 4 black Octoroon 1 8 black Chinese Japanese Indian 1930 Whiter Negro Indian Chinese Japanese Filipino Hindu Korean Mexican Other 1960 White Negro Asian American Indian finally on the census Chinese Japanese Hawaiian Part Hawaiian Aleut Eskimo Etcetera Indian American White Black Asian Hispanic Chinese Japanese Filipino Hawaiian 1970 2012 White Black or African American Asian American Indian Pacific Islander Hispanic origin asked as separate question Asian category followed by additional categories in separate question o Race is Dynamic always changing Race is like a spectrum Race o A set of characteristics often physical used to categorize large numbers of people o Differences in human physical characteristics used to categorize large numbers of individuals o Is imposed hierarchical exclusive and unequal Ethnicity o Cultural values and norms that distinguish the members of a given group