1 demography the scientific study of population 2 population size the number of people that live within the boundaries of a designated geographic area such as a planet a country a state a country or a city 3 population pyramids give us a snapshot of a population at a given point in time a series of horizontal bar graphs each bar graph represents a different 5 year age cohort two segments of each bar one for males and the other for females placed end to end 4 census enumeration or counting of a population 5 birth rate number of live births per 1 000 population in a given year 6 fertility rate the number of children that would be born to a woman if 1 she were to live to the end of her childbearing years and 2 bear children in accordance with current age specific fertility rate 7 death rate number of deaths per 1 000 population in a given year 8 infant mortality rate number of deaths of infants under one year of age per 1 000 live births in a given year life expectancy median number of years a person can be expected to live under current mortality conditions 9 10 ageism prejudice and discrimination based on a person s age 11 migration movement of people from one place to another can be permanent temporary voluntary or forced can be international or internal can occur as a result of push and pull factors 12 push factors those which force a person to move can include drought famine lack of jobs persecution over population and civil war 13 pull factors those which encourage a person to move can include a chance of a better job better education and a better standard of living 14 urbanization a transformative process in which people migrate from rural to urban areas and change the way they use land interact and make a living 15 hydrocarbon society a society in which the use of fossil fuels shape virtually every aspect of our personal and social lives 16 planned obsolescence producing goods that are disposable after a single use have a shorter life cycle than the industry is capable of producing or go out of style quickly even thought goods can still serve their purpose 17 social change any significant alteration modification or transformation in the organization and operation of social activity 18 modernization theory denotes the notion that pre industrialized and poor countries could become eventually like the industrialized and rich countries technological advancements and economical changes can enable changes in moral and cultural values 19 world systems analysis unequal economic and political relationships in which certain industrialized nations and their global corporations dominate core of the world s economic system even as developing countries make economic advances they remain weak and subservient to core nations and corporations 20 state autonomy theory the government of a country can use smart policies to change the country s position 21 global warming a rise in Earth s average temperature due to an increasing concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere research shows it is man made 22 family set of people related by blood marriage or agreed upon relations who share primary responsibility for reproduction and caring for members of society 23 monogamy form of marriage in which one women and one man are married 24 serial monogamy when a person has several spouses in his or her lifetime but only one spouse at a time 25 polygamy when an individual has several husbands or wives only to each other simultaneously 26 polygyny marriage of a man to more than one woman at a time 27 polyandry marriage of a woman to more than one husband at the same time 28 endogamy specifies groups within which spouse must be found prohibits marriage with members of other groups 29 exogamy requires mate selection outside certain groups usually family certain kin 30 incest taboo social norm common to all societies prohibiting sexual relationships between certain culturally specified relationships 31 homogamy conscious or unconscious tendency to select a mate with personal characteristics similar to one s own 32 patriarchy males are expected to dominate in all family decision making 33 matriarchy women have greater authority than men 34 egalitarian family family in which spouses are regarded as equals 35 kinship state of being related to others 36 bilateral descent both sides of a person s family are regarded as equally important 37 patrilineal descent only the father s relatives are important 38 matrilineal descent only the mother s relatives are important 39 institutional marriage prevalence of individual farming households marriage revolved around things like food production shelter and protection from violence an emotional connection with their spouse was not the central purpose of marriage 40 companionate marriage 1850 1965 shift from rural to urban life men increasingly engaged in wage labor outside of the home which amplified the extent to which the two sexes occupied distinct social spheres americans looked to marriage primarily for love and companionship 41 self expressive marriage 1965 present fueled by the countercultural currents of the 1960s marriage is less an essential institution than an elective means of personal fulfillment 42 cohabitation male female couples who choose to live together without marrying 43 sacred everything regarded as extraordinary and that inspires in believers deep and absorbing sentiments of awe respect mystery and even fear 44 profane everything that is not considered sacred including things opposed to the sacred such as the unholy the irreverent and the blasphemous and things that stand apart from it the ordinary commonplace unconsecrated and the bodily 45 fundamentalism rigid adherence to fundamental religious doctrines found worldwide among most major religious groups 46 religious rituals practices required or expected of members of a faith worship prayer singing or chanting 47 religious experience feeling or perception of being in direct contact with ultimate reality or of being overcome with religious emotion ecclesiae a formal part of the state and has most or all of a state s citizens as its members denomination separate from the state sect often conflicts with at least some of its norms and values cult at great odds with the norms and values of society protestant ethic followers of Protestant Reformation emphasized a disciplined work ethic this worldly concerns and a rational orientation Liberation theology church should be used in political efforts to