SOCI 205 Lecture 2 Outline of Last Lecture1. Social Place 2. Social location 3. What is sociology?4. What do sociologists do?5. Sociological Perspectivea. C. Wright Mills 6. Trouble and issues—MILLS a. Troublesb. Issues 7. Critical distance:a. Georg Simmel 8. Diversity 9. Globalization10. Social theory a. The age of enlightenment or age of reasonb. Auguste comtei. positivism c. Emile Durkeim: i. Anomie d. Karl Marxe. Max weber f. W.E.B Du Bois g. Ida B. Wells-Barnett 11. Sociological Theorya. Functionalism (Durkheim)b. Conflict theory (Marx)c. Symbolic interaction theory Outline of Current Lecture 1. Culture a. Culture is both material and nonmaterial i. Materialii. Nonmaterial b. Characteristics of culture:i. Culture is sharedii. Culture is learned iii. Culture is taken for grantedc. The elements of Culture:i. Language 1. Sapir-whorf hypothesis ii. Norms1. Folkways2. Mores Current Lecture Chapter 2: Culture and the Media 2. What is culturea. Culture: is the complex system of meaning and behavior that defines the way of life for a given group or society – PRECEIVED what is good/bad, beautiful/ ugly i. Gives meaning to society ii. Culture is both material and nonmaterial 1. Material: tangible items like toys, clothing2. Nonmaterial: the mental blueprints that serve as guidelines for a community ex: norm, laws, customs, beliefs iii. Characteristics of culture:1. Culture is shared—shared nature that makes society possible, it is collective and agreed upon 2. Culture is learned-- learned formally or informally through observation or imitation 3. Culture is taken for granted—doesn’t mean seen the same by everyoneiv. The elements of Culture:1. Language: without language there would be no culture (ex. LOL, BFF, and TTYL) a. Sapir-whorf hypothesis: language determine what people thing because language forces people to perceive the world in different ways 2. Norms: specific cultural expectations for how to behave in a given situation (ex. Folkways, mores, etc.)a. Folkways: general standards of behavior adhered to by a groupb. Mores: the strict norms that control moral or ethical behaviors (ex. Laws) 3. Beliefs and valuesa. Beliefs: are shared ideas held collectively by people within a given culture about what is truei. Lunatic: came from the idea that a full moon creates madness but now the idea is that you are crazyb. Values: the abstract standards in society or group that define ideal principlesi. Defined by what is valuable and morally correct 4. Cultural diversity:a. Dominant Culture: the most powerful groupi. Defines what is pretty/uglyb. Subcultures: those who differ from dominant group (Ex. Skaters, rappers, Amish) c. Ethnocentrism: our cultures way is the right way and the only wayd. Cultural relativism: can view behavior according to the group practicing the behavior 5. The Mass Media and Popular Culturea. Mass media: refers to the channels of communication that are available to wide segments of the population b. Popular culture: refers to the culture’s beliefs, practices, and objects that are part of everyday traditionsc. Does the media create popular values or reflect them? 6. Sociological Theory and Culturea. Functionalist theory: emphasizes the influence of values, norms, and beliefs on the whole societyb. Conflict theorist: see culture as influenced by economic interests and power relations in societyc. Symbolic internationalist: emphasize that culture is socially constructed Textbook Notes for Chapter 2: Culture and the Media 1. Culture: the complex system of meaning and behavior that defines the way of life for a given group or society. a. Material culture: consists of objects created in a given society—its buildings, art, tools toys, etc. b. Nonmaterial culture: includes the norms, laws, customs, ideas, and beliefs of a group of people. c. Animals lack elaborate cultural-based cultures common in human societies d. Characteristics of culture:i. Culture is shared: people hold cultures in common ii. Culture is learned: although it seems perfectly natural it is learned through observation and imitation iii. Culture is taken for granted: because culture is learned, members of givensociety seldom question the culture of which they are a part of iv. Culture is symbolic: symbols are things or behaviors to which people give meaning; the meaning is not inherent in a symbol but is bestowed by the meaning people give it. v. Culture varies across time and place: culture is not fixed from one place to another.2. The elements of culturea. Language: is a set of symbols and rules that, combined in a meaningful way, provides a complex communication system. i. Learning language is essential to be a part of a societyii. Language is fluid and dynamic and evolves with social changes ex: text lingo iii. Sapir-Whorf hypothesis: asserts that language determines what people think because languages provide the categories through which social reality is defined. – People who speak different languages see the word differently. iv. There is social inequality in language ex: native American vs. Indian b. Norms: are the specific cultural expectations for how to have in a given situation.i. Explicit norms are rules or laws while implicit norms aren’t formal rules but something learned through observationii. William Graham Sumner identified two types of norms:1. Folkways: are general stands of behavior adhered to by a group. Ex: how you dress, greet people, decorate your home 2. Mores: strict norms that control moral and ethical behavior normally upheld through laws.iii. Social sanctions: are mechanisms of social control that enforce folkways, norms, and mores. The seriousness is decided by how strictly the rules are upheld. iv. Taboos: behaviors that bring the most serious sanctions such as the way you dress. Ex: Islamic women strictly have to cover their faces v. Ethnomethodology: a theoretical approach in sociology based on the idea that you can discover the normal social order through disrupting it. vi. Culture is actually “enforced” through the social sanction applied to thosewho violate social norms. c. Beliefs: are shared ideas held collectively by people within a given culture about what is true. d. Values: are the abstract standards in a society or group that define ideal principles. They define what is desirable and morally correcti. Values guide the behavior or people in society; they also shape the social norms in a given culture3. Cultural Diversity a. Dominant