SOCI 205 Lecture 7 Outline of Last Lecture I. The socialization processII. Agents of Socialization a. Family b. Mass media c. Peersd. Religione. Sportsf. SchoolsIII. Agents of Socialization- Teachers IV. Growing up in a diverse societyV. Aging and the life Course a. During childhood: establishes initial identity and values b. Adolescentsc. Adult socialization Outline of Current Lecture Groups and Organizations I. Types of groupsa. Dyad b. Triad c. Georg Simmel-group size effect d. Primary groups e. Secondary groups i. Instrumental behaviorf. Social networks g. Reference groupsh. In- groupsi. Out-groups j. Social boundaries II. Social influence in groups a. The not-me syndromeb. Risky shif III. Formal organizationsa. Normative organizationb. Coercive organizationc. Utilitarian organizationd. Charles Crow said large organization played a key role in shaping organizations around the world Current LectureGroups and Organizations IV. Types of groupsa. A group is two or more individuals who interact, share goals and norms, and have a subjective awareness as “we.” b. Sociologist study on a Macro-level which is large groups and a micro-level which is smaller groups of 2 or 3. c. Dyad is a two person group (stable group).i. If one person decides to withdraw from the group it no longer exists d. Triad is a three person group (unstable group)i. Must be dependent on the other two people making it unstableii. Interaction is less intimate iii. A person can temporarily step out and the group still exists iv. Downfalls: one person can take power and become manipulative e. Georg Simmel (1902) discovered the group size effect i. Saw that the size of the group effects what the group does ii. Size of group influences the behavior of participants iii. There is tension that often builds up when another person tries to enter into a dyad making it a triad. This person is called a splinter f. Primary groups consist of intimate, face-to-face interactioni. Expressive relationships ii. Relationships are long lasting and support other emotionally and have a powerful impact on member.iii. Effect the individuals personality and identity iv. Charles Cooley coined the phrase “primary groups”v. Relationships are valued for relationships themselves g. Secondary groups are larger in size than primary groupi. Instrumental behavior: people interact to achieve specific goalsii. Not as long as primary groups usually come together for a purpose and divide when the purpose is completeiii. During catastrophic evens often times secondary groups become primary groups because emotions are shared iv. Relate to each other due to rules and goalsv. Ex: professor and students h. Social networks: groups that link individuals in groups i. Example: facebooki. Reference groups: provide standards for evaluating your beliefs and behaviorsi. Not particularly apart of the group but they are your role modelsj. In- groups: you define them as “us”k. Out-groups: you define them as “them”l. Social boundaries: material things that define who is in the group and who is outof the group i. In Northern Ireland religion distinguishes people. Catholics paint doors green and Protestants paint their door blue. V. Social influence in groups a. Social groups exert tremendous influence on our behavior/identityb. Even when we overtly deny the connection, the influence still existsc. The not-me syndrome: the gulf between what people think they will do and what they actually dod. Risky shif: when people in a group are more likely to make risky decisions than ifthey alone VI. Formal organizationsa. A formal organization is a large, secondary group that is highly organized to do a complex task i. Fundamental building blocks of social order ii. Ex: schools, churches, political partiesiii. Normative organization: voluntary participation ex: PTAiv. Coercive organization: participation is involuntary ex: prisonv. Utilitarian organization: no profit for a monetary reward ex: general motorsb. Charles Crow said large organization played a key role in shaping organizations around the world Textbook Chapter 6: Groups and Organizations NotesI. Types of Groupsa. Group: is two or more individuals who interact, share goals and norms, and have a subjective awareness as “we.”b. Dyads and Triads: Group size effectsi. Dyad: is a group consisting of exactly 2 peopleii. Triad: a group consisting of 3 people 1. Consists of a dyad (the pair interacting) and an isolate (the one leftout) 2. Triadic segregation is the tendency for triads to segregate into a pair and an isolate. 3. Coalition: a dyad against the isolate 4. Triads are unstable while dyads are stableiii. Group size effects: the effects of group number on the group behavior independent of the personality characteristics of the members themselves. iv. Georg Simmel: studied the effect of size on groups and found the difference between 2 and 3 people in a group created an entirely differentdynamic. c. Primary and secondary Groupsi. Charles Horton Cooley: introduced the concepts of the primary group, which is a group consisting of intimate, face-to-face interaction and relatively long-lasting relationships 1. Ex: family and early peer groups2. Primary groups have powerful influence on the individual’s personality and self-identity3. Primary groups serve human’s expressive needs which are humandesires such as intimacy, companionship, and emotional supportii. Secondary Group: those that are in a group with larger membership, less intimate and less long-lasting. 1. Tend to be less significant in the emotional lives of people. 2. Ex: the people in a neighborhood or university 3. Secondary groups serve instrumental needs which are your task-oriented needs like athletic teams task is to win or political groups is to raise funds for government 4. Secondary groups can take on the characteristics of primary groupsd. Reference groups: are those to which you may or may not belong but use as a standard for evaluating your values, attitudes and behaviors i. Generalized versions of role models ii. Research shows that identification with reference groups helps with self-esteem e. In-Groups and Out-Groups: When groups have a sense of themselves as “us” theywill also have a complementary sense of other groups as “them.”i. W.I. Thomas: coined the in-groups and out-groups theory ii. Ex: sororities or fraternities, gangs, or families iii. Attribution theory: the principle that we all make inferences about the