SOCI 205 Lecture 8 Outline of Last Lecture Groups and Organizations I. Types of groupsa. Dyad b. Triad c. Georg Simmel-group size effect d. Primary groups e. Secondary groups i. Instrumental behaviorf. Social networks g. Reference groupsh. In- groupsi. Out-groups j. Social boundaries II. Social influence in groups a. The not-me syndromeb. Risky shif III. Formal organizationsa. Normative organizationb. Coercive organizationc. Utilitarian organizationd. Charles Crow said large organization played a key role in shaping organizations around the world Outline of Current Lecture I. Bureaucracies a. Ideally bureaucracies type have 6 characteristics i. Division of labor and specializationii. Hierarchy of authorityiii. Rules and regulationsiv. Impersonal relationshipsv. Career ladder (technical expertise)vi. Efficiency II. Formal organizations and bureaucracies a. Sociologists know the common problems found in bureaucraciesi. Ritualismii. Alienationiii. Group thinkiv. Risky shifb. Robert Merton i. Bureaucratic ritualism c. C. Northcote Parkinsoni. Parkinson’s law d. Other problemsi. Discrimination based on race, gender, and class appears in formal organizations Deviance and criminal justice systemIII. What is the difference between deviance and crime?a. Deviancei. Formal ii. Informal b. Crime IV. Defining Deviancea. Deviance: the behaviors that violates expected rules or normsb. Four main characteristics of deviant behaviori. It occurs in a social contextii. It is culturally relativeiii. The social rules are created or constructed iv. The audience decides what is defined as deviant V. Social Construction of DevianceVI. Theories of Deviance a. Functionalist Theory i. Durkheim criticized the theories that those who commit suicide are mentally deranged1. Durkheim identified 3 types of suicidea. Anomicb. Altruistic c. Egoisticb. Conflict Theory Current LectureVII. Bureaucracies: as formal organizations develop they generally become bureaucracies. i. They are large, formal and based on rationality and efficiency ii. Differ from small business because large and impersonal b. Ideally bureaucracies type have 6 characteristics i. Division of labor and specialization1. Generally hire people who look like them ex: men hire menii. Hierarchy of authority1. Chain of commandiii. Rules and regulations1. Guided by book or manualiv. Impersonal relationships1. There for the goal of the group not for relationships v. Career ladder (technical expertise)1. Ex: coming in as a professor you are trying to receive a 10 year vi. Efficiency VIII. Formal organizations and bureaucracies a. Sociologists know the common problems found in bureaucraciesi. Ritualismii. Alienationiii. Group thinkiv. Risky shifb. Robert Merton i. Bureaucratic ritualism: when workers find themselves abiding by the rulesand the rules become more important than actual goals ii. Bureaucracies are driven by rules and when rules taken away the group will come to a halt c. C. Northcote Parkinsoni. Parkinson’s law: bureaucracies waste time and money. Workers more interested in “appearing” busy ii. Although workforce steadily grows no additional work is done iii. Internet can provide help to be more productive but can also be a waste of time. The Internet can attribute to worker sabotage. d. Other problemsi. Discrimination based on race, gender, and class appears in formal organizations 1. Women and minorities are discriminated against at work althoughthe anti-discrimination laws are in place2. Few females and minorities members are in the top executive positions 3. Women are less likely to receive promotions than those who have the same level of education who are male 4. People like to appear upper middle class even though may not be 5. Inequalities will appear in organizations as long as they are apart of our society Deviance and criminal justice systemIX. What is the difference between deviance and crime?a. Deviance: violates norms and rulesi. Formal: breaking laws and official rules1. Sanction for formal norms is usually prison and enforced by police ii. Informal: violating customary norms1. Ex: on A&M campus when you say howdy you are supposed to respond howdy2. Sanction for informal norms our usually verbal reprimands b. Crime: is a type of deviance that breaks formal laws X. Discussion on Deviance a. Andes crash survivor i. In order to survive they had to decide who to eat b. Dahmer casei. Chose attractive people and ate them c. These two behaviors aren’t seen as equally deviant even though it is the same behavior i. Ander crash survivors are seen as acting out of necessity d. Deviance isn’t defined in the act itself but in the context of which it happened.XI. Defining Deviancea. Deviance: the behaviors that violates expected rules or normsb. Four main characteristics of deviant behaviori. It occurs in a social contextii. It is culturally relative1. Different cultures may see different things as being deviant ex: in Japan not bowing to someone might be viewed as deviant 2. What is deviant in one culture might be holy in another culture ex:in other cultures when someone dies they let the body be eaten by animals because their body is not longer needed but in the United States it would be deviant to not formally burry someone iii. The social rules are created or constructed iv. The audience decides what is defined as deviant XII. Social Construction of Deviancea. Many people see deviants as crazy, threatening, “sick”, or in some other ways inferior, but sociologist see deviance as influenced by societyb. Ex: influenced by larger institutions, class standings, racial views, and gender views. XIII. Theories of Deviance a. Functionalist Theory i. Durkheim criticized the theories that those who commit suicide are mentally deranged1. Durkheim identified 3 types of suicidea. Anomic: committed by people when the disintegrating forces in the society make individuals feel lost or alone. Loss of needed regulationb. Altruistic: groups can influence behaviors, and an overly involved person could take his life fore the best interests ofor conforming to his groupi. The person believes it is necessary for group survival ex: suicide bombersc. Egoistic: occurs when people feel totally detached from society ex: elderly people afer they retireii. Demonstrated a correlation between suicide and the degree of social integration and social solidarity of the person in the group iii. View all dysfunctional behavior as a way to reinforce stability