BIOL 1361 1nd Edition Lecture 8 Outline of Last Lecture I. Active TransportII. Bulk TransportIII. Gas ExchangeIV. Characteristics of Respiratory MembranesV. Respiratory SurfacesOutline of Current Lecture I. Respiratory PigmentsII. Properties of HbIII. pH SensitivityIV. Significance of pH SensitivityExam 2 Material:I. Visualizing Cell AnatomyII. Electron MicroscopeIII. Characteristic of CellsIV. MacromoleculesV. Functional GroupsCurrent LectureI. Respiratory Pigmentsa. Structurei. Metalloproteins that increase solubility of O2 in bloodii. Hemocyanin1. Metal = Cu2. Athropodsiii. Hemoglobin (pg. 707)1. Metal = Fe2. All vertebrates, most invertebrates3. Consists of 4 subunits4. Is a protein with quaternary structure5. Each subunit contains Fe and can bing 1 O26. Multiple Hb molecules inside each RBC These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.II. Properties of Hba. Cooperativityi. 1 O2 bings, Hb molecule changes shapeii. Easier for 2nd, 3rd, 4th O2 molecules to bindIII. pH Sensitivitya. Bohr Effect i. Ph affects O2 affinity of Hbii. Affinity – how readily Hb binds to O2iii. The lower the pH, the less likely the Hb will bindiv. Lower pH decreases Hb O2 affinityv. Lower pH shifts the graph to the rightIV. Significance of pH sensitivitya. RBC pH decreases in capillaries supplying body tissuesb. Equationc. H2CO3 – carbonic acidd. H+ binds to Hb, changing its shape so O2 is released and diffuses in to body tissuese. In lungs, O2 diffuses into RBCf. High [O2] displaces H+ from Hbg. HHb + O2 HbO2 + H+h. H+ + HCO3- H2CO3 H2O + CO2i. Co2 diffuses out of RBC and into AlveoliEXAM 2 MATERIALI. Visualizing Cell Anatomya. Light microscopei. Image characteristics1. Magnification – how much larger than lifea. Determined from scale barb. Figure 4.3 – cheek cellsi. The scale bar – can determine actual size of object in photoii. Phase-Contrast – contrast can accentuate differences in densityiii. Fluorescence c. Types of Imagesi. Bright Fieldii. Phase Contrastiii. FluorescenceII. Electron Microscopea. Image characteristicsi. Much high resolution = clarityii. r is proportional to 1/wavelengthiii. Resolution – the minimum distance at which 2 points can be detected as separateb. Types of Imagesi. Transition electron microscope (TEM)1. 2D images2. beam of electrons transmitted through a thin sectionii. Scanning electron microscope (SEM)iii. 3D imageiv. Beam of electrons scans surface of a specimenIII. Characteristics of Cellsa. All cells have:i. A cell membrane – phospholipid bilayerii. Cytosol – semi-fluid interioriii. Chromosome – DNA + proteinsiv. Ribosomes – complex of RNA & protein that makes proteinsb. Domain Bacteria & Archaeai. Archaea – thermophiles (live in no O, live in extreme hot, cold)ii. Bacteria – cyanobacteriaiii. All single-celled organismsiv. All have a cell membrane + cell wallv. All have 1 circular chromosome (DNA + protein)vi. No membrane-bound nucleus or other organelles1. But, the have infoldings of plasma membrane that provide specialized functionc. Domain Eukaryai. Can be singular or multicellularii. All have a cell membrane [ + cell wall, plants and fungi ] iii. All have linear chromosomesiv. All have membrane-bound organelles1. Organelles are a cellular component where specific functions are performedIV. Macromolecules a. Carbon Skeletonsi. Organic compounds contain C, H, O, Nii. Number of unpaired electrons in valence shell determines number of covalent bonds each atom can formb. Types of Carbon Skeletons Figure 3.4i. Unbranched chainii. Branched chainiii. Double bonds in chainiv. RingsV. Functional Groupsa. Hydroxyli. Name: often called alcoholsii. Ex. Ethanoliii. Properties: polar, forms H-bondsb. Phosphate (-PO4) or (-OPO32-)i. Name: organic phosphatesii. Ex. ATPiii. Properties: strong potential to react with water & release energyc. Aminod. Sulfhydryle. Methylf. Carbonylg.
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