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UH BIOL 1361 - Exam 1 Study Guide
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BIOL 1361 1nd EditionExam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 1 - 8Lecture 1 (August 25)CHAPTER 1: pg. 1-17The levels of biological organization:- Molecule: consists of two or more units known as atomso Ex. chlorophyll molecule- Cell: life’s fundamental unit of structure and function; some are single cells while others are multicellularo Ex. cells of a leaf - Tissue: a group of cells that work together to perform a special functiono Ex. tissue of a leaf that where photosynthesis occurs- Organ: a body part that carries out a specific function in the bodyo Ex. a maple leaf- Organism: an individual living thingo Ex. a maple tree- Population: all the individuals of a species living within a specific areao Ex. a forest of maple trees- Community: the array of organisms inhabiting a particular ecosystemo Ex. different trees, plants, animals, and fungi in an ecosystem- Ecosystem: consists of all living things and nonliving things (soil, water, atmospheric gases, and light) in a particular area o Ex. a deciduous forest- Biosphere: all life on earth and all places where life existsEmergent Properties are due to the arrangement and interactions of parts as complexity increases. They are properties of something due to its arrangement and the interaction of its parts and are also for nonliving things. Structure and function are correlated.Characteristics shared by all living things:- All cells are enclosed by a membrane that regulates the passage of materials between the cell and its surroundings- All living things contain genetic material- All organisms are ordered systems governed by physical laws of: thermodynamics, diffusion, gas laws, and fluid flowNatural Selection was proposed by Charles Darwin and is the evolutionary adaptation in which the natural environment selects for certain traits among the naturally occurring variant traits in a population. Individuals are adapted to their environment survive better and produce more offspring than individuals that are less suited to their environment.An Abiotic Environment is a physical and chemical environment. A Biotic Environment has other living things like a community, ecosystem, or the biosphere.An Adaptation is a characteristic that allows an individual to survive better in a particular environment than other individuals of the same species.Lecture 2 (August 27)Ulcer Case – Scientific MethodA little summary: Dr. Warren examined stomach biopsies of patients with various stomachillnesses and thought he saw Heliocobacter Pylori but no one believed him because they all thought that the stomach was too acidic for bacteria to survive. So Dr. Warren used a special stain that highlighted bacteria on his slides and this convinced his colleagues that the bacteria was there. Furthermore, J. Marshall joins Dr. Warren’s research and they take the biopsy of 100 patients that have stomach ulcers. 100% of those patients had Heliocobacter Pylori present. So, when the patients were treated with antibiotics, 80% of the patients were permanently cured oftheir ulcers :)A hypothesis is a tentative answer to a well-framed question. It is also a way to measure a response. A hypothesis leads to a prediction.An Independent Variable is the factor thought to cause a change in the dependent variable. (The X axis – “MIX”)The Controlled Variable(s) are characteristics that are held constant across treatment groups such as age, gender, BMI, ethnicity, etc.A Dependent Variable is the response being measured. (The Y axis – “DRY”)Lecture 3 (September 3)Chapter 33 pg. 665-683Food processing can be divided into four distinct stages: ingestion, digestion, absorption, and elimination.- Ingestion: the act of eating - Digestion: food is broken down into molecules small enough for the body to absorbo Enzymes catalyze hydrolysis of chemical bondso Digestive compartments protect the animal from self-digestion- Absorption: the animal’s cells absorb small molecules such as amino acids and simple sugars- Elimination: undigested material passes out of the digestive systemIn mammals, the digestive system consists of the alimentary canal (the gut) and accessory organs that secrete digestive juices through ducts into the canal. The accessory glands are… 3 pairs of salivary glands, the pancreas, the liver, and the gallbladder.Animals need essential nutrients such as amino acids, unsaturated fatty acids, vitamins, andminerals. Humans need 20 amino acids but can make about 10 if they have enough Nitrogen and Sulfur. Unsaturated fatty acids are acquired from plants. Vitamins are carbon containing andminerals are inorganic molecules such as Fe, Mg, I, Ca.Intracellular Design and Extracellular Design- Intracellular Design is when food is digested in a food vacuole. A cell engulfs solid food by phagocytosis or liquid food by pinocytosis. An example is the amoeba video we watched.- Extracellular Design is when food is digested in compartments that are continuous with outside of the body. Having one or more compartments enables the animal to devour larger pieces of food that can be ingested by phagocytosis. An example is our digestive tract. Gastrovascular activity and the Alimentary Canal are all considered Extracellular Design.Gastrovascular Cavity and Alimentary Canal- Gastrovascular Cavity is a digestive compartment with 1 opening. The compartment functions in digestion and in the distribution of nutrients throughout the body. So, the food comes in and the waste goes out the same way. An example is the hydra.- Alimentary Canal (the gut) is a digestive, 1-way tube extending between two openings, themouth and the anus. There are specialized compartments for digestion. An example is our digestive tract.The Digestive System- The mouth, or oral cavity, is where mechanical digestion of chewing occurs. The salivary glands in the mouth deliver saliva to the mouth where chemical digestion occurs. Amylase is found in saliva and is secreted in the mouth and digests starches only. Mucus,which is also found in saliva, provides lubrication and protects the lining of the mouth. The movement of food along the alimentary canal occurs through a process known as peristalsis. It is the contraction of the circular and longitudinal muscles to move food downward. The tongue helps shape the food into a bolus, guides it to the pharynx (the throat area) and into the esophagus.- The Stomach stores food and begins the digestion of proteins. It secretes


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UH BIOL 1361 - Exam 1 Study Guide

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