PSYC 4520 1st Edition Lecture 7Outline of Last Lecture I. Application: PsychoanalysisA. The origins of psychoanalysisB. The goal of psychoanalysisC. ResistanceD. Transference and countertransferenceII. Assessment: Projective TestsA. What are projective tests?B. Rorschach Inkblot TestC. Thematic Apperception TestD. Human Figure Drawing TestII. Strengths and Criticisms of Freud’s TheoryA. StrengthsB. CriticismsIII. Dream InterpretationA. Do dreams mean anything?IV. The Meaning of Dream ContentA. Unconscious conflictsThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.B. Recurrent dreamsC. Dreams and anxietyD. Are dreams random?V. The Function of DreamsA. REM sleepB. Rebound effectC. Suppressed thoughtsD. Experimental support for Freud’s theory of dream interpretationOutline of Current Lecture I. Identifying and Measuring Defense MechanismsA. IdentificationII. Developmental DifferencesA. The primary defense mechanism of children B. The primary defense mechanism of older/more mature people III. Defensive StyleA. What is a defensive style?B. Immature defense mechanismsIV. Freud’s Theory of HumorA. Innocent vs. tendentious jokesB. Why do we tell jokes?C. Why do we laugh?V. Research on Freud’s Theory of HumorA. Caption contestB. Hostile humorVI. Reducing Aggression with Hostile HumorA. Hostile/non-hostile content in jokesVII. Level of Tension and FunninessA. “Good” storytellersB. ExperimentsC. Interpreting the findingsVIII. What is Hypnosis?A. Psychoanalytic theoriesB. Sociocognitive theoriesC. Hypnotic responsivenessCurrent LectureI. Identifying and Measuring Defense MechanismsA. Identificationi. College students of both genders were given threatening information about their masculinity/femininity. The researcher argued that gender-related behavior is an important aspect of identity for young adults; it is important for men to think of themselves as masculine and for women to think of themselves as feminine. Thus, information that threatens this part of the self-concept can cause anxiety, and the researcher predicted that students would deal with this anxiety through the identification defense mechanism.ii. People who use identification associate themselves with powerful/ successful individuals; for example, a young man may think of his association with a successful athlete. By unconsciously identifying with powerful people, we fend off feelings of inadequacy/helplessness.Psychoanalysts argue that identification is important in the development of gender identity: young men identify with their fathers, and young women with their mothers, as they develop gender-related traits. So, when one’s masculinity/femininity is threatened, the ego uses identification to defend against the resulting anxiety.iii. To test this, the researcher analyzed participants’ stories for three TAT cards. Then, the students completed a short personality test that presumably measured their masculinity/femininity. The students were soon given bogus feedback on the tests: half the men were told they had scored high in masculinity, while the other half were told they had scored high in femininity. In the same way, half the women were told they were feminine, while the other half were told they were masculine. The students then provided three more stories from another set of TAT cards.iv. Men receiving the bogus feedback had a strong emotional reaction; they reacted to it by resorting to more identification, the use of which was stronger for men who considered themselves highly masculine. In other words, to ward off this threat to their masculinity, the men unconsciously identified with powerful others (most likely masculine men). One male participant showed clearly that the students became defensive in this study: when asked how he felt after being told he was feminine, he said, “I didn’t feel angry.” No one had ever suggested that he was.II. Developmental DifferencesA. The primary defense mechanism of childreni. Preschool children who experience a threat to their well-being do not have an arsenal of defense mechanisms at their disposal. They may have no other way of coping with their emotional reactions other than to simply deny the events ever occurred. When kindergarteners were asked if they had ever felt like a sad and crying boy in a drawing, few of the children acknowledged ever feeling sad.B. The primary defense mechanism of older/more mature peoplei. By about middle school, children understand that denial is ineffective; however, this realization does not ward off the anxiety. Instead, the childcomes to rely on more sophisticated defense mechanisms. In particular, older children use projection. III. Defensive StyleA. What is a defensive style?i. An individual’s defensive style is his or her characteristic pattern of dealing with stressful situations. Some people are masters at rationalizing away their mistakes, while others frequently displace their anger onto employees or waiters. B. Immature defense mechanismsi. Some adults continue to rely on immature defense mechanisms (like denial) even though these mechanisms are ineffective. This, according to Freud, occurs because adult defenses are related to childhood experiences. The results of one test support this theory: men who as adults frequently relied on denial had experienced the highest levels of stress in early childhood. The men had relied heavily on the age-appropriate defense mechanism of denial when they were young; because denial helped them then, they continued to rely on it as adults.ii. Researchers have found that using immature defenses is often associated with psychological problems. One study showed that adults who commonly rely on immature/ineffective defenses like denial have more problems with hostility, depression, and alcohol abuse than those who use more effective defense mechanisms.IV. Freud’s Theory of HumorA. Innocent vs. tendentious jokesi. Freud recognized both innocent and tendentious jokes. Innocent jokes are comprised of jokes such as puns or clever insights; however, Freud was more interested in tendentious jokes, which provide insight into the unconscious of the joke teller as well as the person who laughs. Freud saw two kinds of tendentious jokes: those dealing with hostility and thosedealing with sex.B. Why do we tell jokes?i. Freud suggests that we tell aggressive jokes (insults, biting