PSYC 4520 1nd Edition Lecture 3 Outline of Last Lecture I. Data SourcesA. L-DataB. S-DataC. T-DataD. O-DataII. The Hypothesis-Testing ApproachA. Theories and hypothesesB. Prediction vs. hindsightC. ReplicationIII. The Case Study MethodA. What are case studies?B. Strengths of case studiesC. Limitations of case studiesD. When are case studies appropriate?IV. Experimental ResearchA. Experimental variablesB. Manipulated vs. non-manipulated independent variablesThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.C. Statistical analysis of dataD. Statistical significanceV. Correlational ResearchA. Correlation coefficientsVI. Personality AssessmentA. ReliabilityB. ValidityOutline of Current Lecture I. Freud Discovers the UnconsciousA. Hysteria, hypnosis, and Anna O.B. Free associationII. The Freudian Theory of PersonalityA. Libido and Thanatos B. The topographical modelC. The structural modelCurrent LectureI. Freud Discovers the UnconsciousA. Hysteria, hypnosis, and Anna O.i. In 1885, Freud studied with Dr. Jean-Martin Charcot, who was experimenting with early versions of hypnosis and its use in curing “unusual physiological problems.” Afterwards, Freud studied with Dr. Joseph Breuer, who was using hypnosis to treat hysteria. Hysteria is a disorder that consists of various physical symptoms; some patients display blindness, deafness, inability to walk or use an arm, etc. Mostphysicians treated hysteria as a physically based illness, but Breuer and Freud developed another interpretation.ii. Anna O., one of Breuer’s patients, experienced hysterical symptoms such as paralysis of the left arm, hallucinations, and the ability to speak only in English although her native language was German. Under hypnosis, she discussed daydreams, hallucinations, and past traumatic experiences. During her final session, she discussed her dying father and associated hallucinations about a black snake. After this session, her hysteria symptoms disappeared.B. Free associationi. Freud continued to use hypnosis to treat hysteria, but soon realized its limitations and began searching for alternatives. He gradually saw the importance of letting patients say whatever came into their minds and found that, even without hypnosis, under the right conditions patients would describe previously hidden material relating to the causes and cureof their hysteria. Refinement of this technique is called free association.ii. One important finding that Freud reported was that the memories uncovered during free association often involved traumatic sexual experiences—many of which had occurred in early childhood. He thus concluded that these early sexual experiences caused the hysteria in his adult patients.iii. Freud’s theories did not sit well with the academic and medical communities. His openness about infantile sexuality and omnipresent sexual motives also did not bode well with the puritanical standards of Europe. However, Freud’s ideas gradually gained acceptance within the field of psychology.II. The Freudian Theory of PersonalityA. Libido and Thanatosi. Freud believed in the idea of a limited amount of energy. He argued that energy within a system does not disappear but exists in finite amounts, and we each have a finite amount of psychic energy that powers our psychological functions. Energy spent on one part of psychologicalfunctioning is not available for other uses; so, if the ego has to use a lot ofenergy to control the id, it has little energy left to carry out the rest of its functions well. One goal of Freudian psychology is to help clients release unconscious impulses being held in check, freeing up energy for daily functioning.ii. Freud argued that human behavior is motivated by strong internal forces called “Triebe” (drives or instincts). He identified two categories of instincts: the life/sexual instinct (libido) and the death/aggressive instinct (Thanatos). He first said that these forces oppose each other, but later said that they often combine, intertwining much of what we do with bothaggressive and erotic motives. iii. Freud attributed most of our behavior to the life/sexual instinct, but he used the description in a broad sense: sexually motivated behaviors are not just those with obvious erotic content but also any action aimed at receiving pleasure. He later added the death instinct (our desire to die and return to the earth), but this instinct is rarely expressed via self-destruction. Rather, it is turned outward and expressed as aggression against others. The wish to die is unconscious.B. The topographical modeli. Freud originally divided personality into 3 parts: conscious, preconscious, and unconscious. This is known as the topographical model.ii. Conscious—contains the thoughts you are currently aware of. This material changes constantly as new thoughts enter the mind and other thoughts exit. However, the conscious can only deal with a small part of all the information stored in your mind.iii. Preconscious—the large body of retrievable information stored in your mind. What did you have for breakfast? Who was your third grade teacher? What did you do yesterday? This is all information we have stored in our minds but generally don’t bring into our conscious when there is no reason to do so.iv. Unconscious—thoughts to which you have no immediate access; it contains the vast majority of thoughts and is the most important to psychoanalysts. Freud argued that you cannot bring unconsciousthoughts into consciousness except in extreme cases, but these thoughts still govern most of our everyday behavior. Understanding the unconscious and its influence is the key to the psychoanalytic approach. C. The structural modeli. Since the topographical model provided a limited description of personality, Freud added the structural model. The structural model divides personality into the id, ego, and superego.ii. Id—the only personality structure present at birth. This is the selfish part of us, concerned only with satisfying our personal desires. It is buried entirely in the unconscious and involves four aspects:1. Pleasure principle: The id takes actions based on this principle; it isconcerned only with what brings immediate personal satisfaction regardless of any limitations. 2. Reflexive action: When babies see something they want, they reach for it, whether it’s harmful,