PSYC 4520 1st Edition Lecture 11Outline of Last Lecture I. Application: Psychoanalytic Theory and ReligionA. Freud’s viewsB. Jung’s viewsC. Fromm’s viewsII. Assessment: Personal NarrativesA. Measuring personality with personal narrativesB. Generativity and life storiesIII. Strengths and Criticisms of Neo-Freudian TheoriesA. StrengthsB. Criticisms IV. Identity StatusA. James MarciaV. Anxiety and Coping StrategiesA. The age of anxietyB. Freud’s view of anxietyVI. Coping with AnxietyA. Coping strategiesVII. Types of Coping StrategiesThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.A. Active strategiesB. Avoidance strategiesVIII. How Effective are Coping Strategies?A. Active vs. avoidance strategiesB. Coping flexibilityIX. Psychoanalytic Concepts and AggressionA. Freud’s view of aggressionB. The frustration-aggression hypothesisC. CatharsisD. Indirect outlets of aggressionX. Frustration and AggressionA. Different research findingsB. A new viewXI. Displacing AggressionA. Experimental findingsB. Triggered displaced aggressionXII. Catharsis and AggressionA. The relationship between catharsis and aggressionOutline of Current Lecture I. Object Relations Theory and Attachment TheoryA. The viewpoints of object relations theoryB. Attachment theory and attachment relationshipsC. Three types of parent-child relationshipsII. Adult Attachment StylesA. Relationship between an individual’s attachment style during childhood and adulthood B. StudiesIII. Alternate Models and MeasurementA. New scales B. Four-category modelIV. Attachment Style and Romantic Relationships A. StudiesB. Relationships with each type of adultC. Effects of attachment styleCurrent LectureI. Object Relations Theory and Attachment TheoryA. The viewpoints of object relations theoryi. Object relations theorists emphasize early childhood experiences. Insteadof focusing on internal conflict/drives, they observe the infant’s relationship with important people in his or her life (usually mom).ii. Object relations theorists say that children develop an unconscious representation of significant objects in their environment; their unconscious representation of their parents does two things: first, it givesthem an object to relate to in the physical absence of the parents. More importantly, the way the child internalizes the parent’s image determines how he or she thinks of others upon entering future relationships.iii. The kind of attachment children feel with parents influences their ability to develop meaningful attachments with significant others as adults. B. Attachment theory and attachment relationshipsi. Contributors to this theory observe the emotional bonds (“attachment relationships”) between infants and caregivers (usually mom). These meet our need to form attachments with a supportive/protective person.ii. Mary Ainsworth devised the Strange Situation Test, which studies the child-caregiver relationship. She observed the reactions of infants who are physically separated from their primary caregiver; some children understand that mom (and her love/nurturance) is only gone temporarily,but others cry, fall into despair, or even become detached. C. Three types of parent-child relationshipsi. Ainsworth and colleagues identified 3 types of parent-child relationships: secure, anxious-ambivalent (insecure), and avoidant (also insecure).ii. Secure—Mothers in this category are attentive/responsive to their child. Secure infants understand that mom is responsive/accessible even when she is not physically present. When mom leaves, they are responsive (via crying) but able to use her to calm down when she returns. These children tend to be happy and self-confident.iii. Anxious-ambivalent—Mothers in this category are not very attentive/ responsive to the child; they are inconsistent. The children are anxious when mom leaves (shown via crying); they are not easily calmed by other adults and may be afraid in unfamiliar situations. The child also does not calm down when the mother returns. These children turn into adults whodo enter into relationships, but worry and stress about them.iv. Avoidant—Mothers in this category are also not very responsive to the child, but the child reacts by developing an emotional detachment from the mother. These children are neither anxious when mom leaves nor interested when she returns. This relationship is common when there is abuse/neglect in the family.v. Attachment theorists, like object relations theorists, argue that these different relationships affect the child’s future ability to enter into relationships. If our parents were caring and attentive, we see relationships as sources of love and support; if not, we become suspiciousand mistrusting. These models of attachment are unconscious.II. Adult Attachment StylesA. Relationship between an individual’s attachment style during childhood and adulthoodi. We can identify adults who fit the descriptions of the different attachment styles found among infants. Secure adults easily trust, get close to others, and depend on those with whom they get romantically involved. Avoidant adults are suspicious of those who say they love them,fear that getting close means becoming vulnerable, and are wary of making emotional commitments for fear of inevitable separation. Lastly, anxious-ambivalent adults are so insecure about their partner’s love that they become demanding/overwhelming and may scare away partners.ii. A survey found that 59% of adults are secure, 25% avoidant, 11% anxious,and 5% unclassifiable. The percentages of adults who fall into the three categories closely match the number of secure, avoidant, and anxious-ambivalent children. So, the similarity in numbers is consistent with the idea that adult attachment styles were formed in childhood.B. Studiesi. Other studies support the connection between early parent-child relationships and adult attachment style. When asked about family members, secure adults describe positive parent relationships and a warm family environment. Anxious-ambivalent adults recall little parental support, and avoidant adults describe their relationships with family members as distrustful and emotionally distant. People who describe their parents’ marriage as unhappy are more likely to be avoidant.ii. Some studies also showed the link between early caregiver relationships and adult