PSYC 4520 1st Edition Lecture 6Outline of Last Lecture I. Psychoanalytic Personality TypesA. Oral personality typeB. Anal personality typeC. Phallic personality typeII. Getting at Unconscious MaterialA. Psychic determinismB. DreamsC. Projective testsD. Free associationE. Freudian slipsF. HypnosisG. AccidentsH. Symbolic behaviorI. HumorOutline of Current Lecture I. Application: PsychoanalysisA. The origins of psychoanalysisThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.B. The goal of psychoanalysisC. ResistanceD. Transference and countertransferenceII. Assessment: Projective TestsA. What are projective tests?B. Rorschach Inkblot TestC. Thematic Apperception TestD. Human Figure Drawing TestIII. Strengths and Criticisms of Freud’s TheoryA. StrengthsB. CriticismsIV. Dream InterpretationA. Do dreams mean anything?V. The Meaning of Dream ContentA. Unconscious conflictsB. Recurrent dreamsC. Dreams and anxietyD. Are dreams random?VI. The Function of DreamsA. REM sleepB. Rebound effectC. Suppressed thoughtsD. Experimental support for Freud’s theory of dream interpretationCurrent LectureI. Application: PsychoanalysisA. The origins of psychoanalysisi. Freud recognized that many disorders were psychological rather than physical in origin. He was the first person to develop a system of psychotherapy, called psychoanalysis, in order to access this unconscious material. B. The goal of psychoanalysisi. The goal of psychoanalysis is to bring crucial unconscious material into consciousness, where it can be rationally examined. Once this material surfaces, however, the client and therapist must work together to deal with it in a way that it does not manifest itself in a new disorder. The therapist also evaluates cryptic “messages” about the underlying cause ofthe client’s disorder.ii. Typically, the client lies on a couch while the therapist sits out of sight andencourages the client to speak freely. Unlike other systems of psychotherapy, in psychoanalysis, the therapist actively interprets the significance of clients’ statements, behaviors, and dreams. However, Freud maintained that therapists should not reveal the true (threatening) meanings behind the clients’ acts/statements too soon, or the client’s unprepared ego would cause him or her to construct new and stronger unconscious defenses. When the time is right, however, the therapist should help the client understand the true meaning behind the latter’s behaviors/feelings.C. Resistancei. Ironically, one of the first signs that therapy is working is the developmentof resistance in the client. Clients may say that the sessions are not helping and that they want to discontinue therapy; they may lapse into long silences or miss sessions; or they may return to already-discussed material or insist that other material is not worth exploring. These are allsigns that the threatened ego is trying to guard its defenses as crucial unconscious material gets close to the surface.D. Transference and countertransferencei. Here, clients displace emotions associated with people from past situations onto the therapist. For example, a client may speak to and behave towards the therapist as if the latter were a deceased parent; unconscious emotions and feelings that were previously buried deep inside may be unleashed. Freud warned that transference was a crucial and delicate part of the psychotherapy process; he also cautioned against countertransference, where the therapist displaces his or her own feelings towards others onto the client.II. Assessment: Projective TestsA. What are projective tests?i. Psychoanalytic therapists use these tests to measure unconscious material. Projective tests present individuals with ambiguous stimuli (suchas inkblots or vague pictures). Individuals respond by describing what they see, telling stories about the pictures, or reacting to the material in some way.ii. These tests do not provide clues about correct/incorrect answers, making each person’s responses highly unique. Psychoanalysts consider these responses projections from the unconscious; the tests give clients an opportunity to express held-back impulses, but they are not aware of the significance of their responses.B. Rorschach Inkblot Testi. This test predicts behavior from individuals’ responses to inkblots. The test consists of ten cards, each containing only a blot of ink, sometimes in more than one color. Individuals are instructed to describe what they see in the inkblot; they can use any part of the inkblot and give several response.ii. In interpreting individuals’ responses, most psychologists generally rely on their personal insights and intuition. Unusual answers and recurringthemes are particularly interesting, especially if they are consistent with information revealed during therapy sessions.C. Thematic Apperception Testi. This test contains a series of ambiguous pictures. Individuals are asked to tell a story about each picture (who the people are, what is going on, what has led up to the scene, and what the outcome will be). Most of the pictures contain images of faces but are intentionally vague so that each person will form his or her own interpretation.ii. In interpreting individuals’ responses, most psychologists rely on their own intuition. However, they may also use relatively objective scoring procedures.iii. The Children’s Apperception Test is another form of this test that is geared towards children from ages three to ten years.D. Human Figure Drawing Testi. Test takers receive a blank sheet of paper and instructions to draw a picture for the psychologist. In many cases, individuals are asked to draw a person, but they are also sometimes instructed to draw a family or a tree. This test measures intelligence, but it is mainly an indicator of psychological problems (especially in children). Psychoanalysts view the person drawn by the test taker as a symbolic representation of the self.ii. This test can provide important clues into the feelings/emotions of a child. For example, children who draw monsters could be expressing some disturbing inward feeling.III. Strengths and Criticisms of Freud’s TheoryA. Strengthsi. Freud’s theory was the first comprehensive theory of human behavior and personality. His observations set the direction for subsequent personality theory and research.ii. Freud developed the