PSYC 4520 1st Edition Lecture 26Outline of Last Lecture I. Reciprocal DeterminismA. What is reciprocal determinism?II. Imagination and Self-RegulationA. Imagination vs. trial-and-errorB. Self-regulationOutline of Current Lecture I. Observational LearningA. What is observational learning?B. Learning and performanceC. The Bobo doll experimentCurrent LectureI. Observational LearningA. What is observational learning?i. Also called vicarious learning, this is the concept that we can learn by observing, reading, or hearing about other people’s actions: “monkey see,monkey do.” Many behaviors are too complex to be learned through the slow process of reinforcement/punishment: for example, we don’t teach pilots to fly by putting them in the cockpit and reinforcing correct behaviors/punishing incorrect ones. They may learn by watching others.These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.B. Learning and performancei. Behaviorists say that we cannot learn a behavior without first engaging in it (such as the rat pushing the bar), but Bandura distinguishes between learning and performance: behaviors learned through observation need not be performed. Think of some behaviors you could perform if you wanted to, even though you never have, like shooting a gun. You may have never done this, but you have seen it enough in movies to kind of know how. Most of us will never actually shoot a gun, but it is a behavior that we have probably learned through observation. ii. We perform some of the behaviors we learn through observation, but notothers, due to our expectations about the consequences. If we believe the action will be rewarded, we will perform it; if we believe it will be punished, we will not. If we have never performed these actions, we also get our expectations about consequences by observing others. If someone else’s behavior is rewarded, we will learn to perform it; if it is punished, we will learn not to perform it.C. The Bobo doll experimenti. Bandura demonstrated this learning-performance distinction in a classic experiment. Kids watched a TV show in which an adult model performed 4 aggressive acts on a Bobo doll. They saw 1 of 3 endings to the film: some saw the model being rewarded with candy and praise, others saw the model spanked and warned not to be aggressive again, and others were given no information about the consequences of aggressiveness. Next, each child was left alone for 10 minutes of free play time; among the toys was a Bobo doll and all the materials needed to perform the aggressive acts they had seen. An experimenter watched through a one-way window to see how many acts of aggression the kids would perform spontaneously; each child was then offered juice and toys for each of the 4 aggressive acts he or she could perform. This was included to see if the kids could perform the behavior—had they learned from the model?ii. Nearly all kids in all 3 groups could perform the behaviors when asked. However, whether they chose to do so when left alone depended on the consequences they expected. Though all kids had learned how to act aggressively, the ones who had seen the model rewarded were muchmore likely to perform the behaviors than those who had seen the model
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