CBIO 2200 Edition Lecture 6 Outline of Last Lecture I Processes of membrane transport II Vesicular Transport III The Cell Interior Chapter 5 Histology IV Introduction to Ch 5 Outline of Current Lecture I Classes of Epithelium and Cell Shape II Simple Epithelia III Stratified Epithelia IV Connective Tissue Functions V Adipose Tissue VI Cartilage Current Lecture I Classes of Epithelium and Cell Shape a Simple epithelium one layer of cells b Stratified epithelium contains more than one layer above the first layer cells do not touch basement membrane c Shapes i Squamous can be simple or stratified ii Columnar simple or stratified iii Cuboidal simple or pseudo stratified These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute II III IV d Pseudo stratified epithelium looks stratified but it s now all of the cells touch the basement membrane e Stratified columnar is very rare Simple Epithelia a Four types i Simple squamous single row of thin cells ii Simple cuboidal typically around ducts iii Simple columnar single row of tall and narrow cells iv Pseudo stratified columnar ciliated cells tend to be found in respiratory tract looks multilayered nuclei at several layers 1 Often associated with goblet cells produce mucous for lubrication and getting rid of things in respiratory tract to remove dust particles 2 Goblet cells are also associated with simple columnar Stratified Epithelia a Some cells resting directly on others b Three stratified epithelia are names for their shapes of their surface cells i Stratified squamous our skin 1 Deepest layers undergo mitosis divide a Exfoliation od desquamation shedding off of cells b Die when they reach their surface because blood vessels don t reach from basement membrane top layer shed tope layer cells constantly 2 Two kinds of stratified squamous epithelia a Keratinized Keratin is a protein in skin has a very dark pink color to it because keratin is stained usually where skin is dry palms of hands soles of feet b Non keratinized stratified squamous epithelium no dark stain because there is no keratin most regions of epithelium mouth vagina ii Stratified cuboidal 1 More than one layer of cuboidal cells 2 Found in glands sweat hormones sperm iii Stratified columnar rare c Fourth type transitional epithelium i Associated with urinary system in bladder kidney ureters urethra umbilical chord ii Stratified columnar can tell by ballooning of cells on top allow cell to transition expand ballooned cells flatten out and bladder can expand Connective Tissue Functions a Main functions i Binding organs together ii iii iv v vi vii Support Physical protection Immune protection Movement Storage fat adipose cells Heat production for infants because they are born with brown fat which produces heat viii Transport blood vessels in connective tissue b Four broad categories i Fibrous connective tissue cells fibers ground substances 1 Fibers a Collagenous fibers collagen b Reticular fibers collagen coated with glycoprotein c Elastic fibers made of elastin provide flexibility 2 Ground substance the filler or matrix a Glycosaminoglycans GAG composed of unusual disaccharides called amino sugars and have uronic acid attached to them i Chondroitin sulfate ii Hyaluronic acid iii Heparin iv The above three play a part in joint s health b Proteoglycan c Adhesive glycoproteins d Play structural part in keeping tissues together ii Adipose tissue iii Supportive connective tissue bone and cartilage iv Fluid connective tissue blood c Cells i Fibroblasts produce fibers ii Macrophages destroy foreign matter iii Leukocytes other white blood cells iv Plasma cells B lymphocytes that produce antibodies v Mast cells secrete heparin and histamine causes swelling in nasal cavities vi Adipocytes fat cells main cell type in adipose tissues d Fibrous connective tissue i Types 1 Loose connective tissue has a lot of cells but a lot of matric ground substance between cells a Areolar stained pink i Found in skin blood vessels etc b Reticular must stain them with silver i Find it in stroma which provides framework for organs 2 Dense connective tissue fibers with very little space between them a Regular tend to be a very regular patter to it sometimes wavy sometimes not b Irregular doesn t look like any other cell no pattern V VI Adipose Tissue a We just see outline of fat cells cell membranes just looks like white space b Round shape c Adipose tissue is mainly composed of adipocytes Cartilage a Supportive connective tissue with flexible rubbery matrix b Chondroblasts produce cartilage immature cells i Get trapped in cavities called lacunae and then become chondrocytes c Chondrocytes mature cartilage cells d Perichondrium connective tissue that covers it not all cartilage has this e Types of cartilage vary with fiber types i Hyaline 1 Glassy appearance 2 Contain lacunae 3 Covered with perichondrium 4 Can be considered articular cartilage elbow knee places where bones rub against each other a Keeps friction down between bones b Padding between bones ii Fibrocartilage 1 You can see bundles of collagen 2 Does not have perichondrium 3 Absorbs a lot of shock 4 In vertebral column between disks iii Elastic 1 Contains elastic fibers 2 Covered with perichondrium 3 In ear places with flexible cartilage f Does not have blood vessels associated with it so it is difficult to heal g Nature of collagen fibers determine the type of cartilage