CBIO 2200 1nd Edition Lecture 3Outline of Last Lecture I. HomeostasisII. Positive feedback & rapid changeIII. Gradients and flowIV. The history of anatomical terminologyV. The importance of precisionAtlas AI. The anatomical positionII. Major body regionsIII. Abdominal quadrantsIV. Abdominal regionsV. Anatomical planes of bodyVI. Body cavitiesVII. Organ systemsOutline of Current Lecture I. Chemistry of LifeII. The Chemical ElementsIII. ElectrolytesThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.IV. Isotopes and RadioactivityV. Radiation and Madame CurieVI. Physical vs. Biological Half-LifeVII. Water and MixturesVIII. Acids, Bases, and pHIX. MetabolismX. Carbon Compounds and Functional GroupsXI. Monomers and PolymersXII. CarbohydrateXIII. LipidsCurrent LectureChapter 2: The Chemistry of LifeI. Chemistry of lifea. Chemical elementsb. Electrolytesc. Water propertiesd. pHe. Four groups of carbon compoundsII. The Chemical Elementsa. Element – simplest form of matter to have unique chemical propertiesb. Atomic number – of an element, # of protons in elementc. Periodic table (118 known elements arranged by atomic number)i. 24 elements have biological role (take place in human body)1. 6 elements = 98.5% of body weight (know these)a. Oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, calcium, and phosphorous b. Organic compounds contain carbon; organic means “living”2. Trace elements: the other 18 elements; called this because we only need very small amounts of them; cofactors of 6 major elementsd. Minerals – inorganic elements “nonliving”i. Calcium, phosphorous, magnesium, potassium, sodium, iron, zinc, and sulfurii. Supportive role in bodye. Minerals constitute 4% of bodyIII. Electrolytesa. Electrolytes are the salts of these mineralsi. In chemistry, an electrolyte is any substance containing free ions that make the substance electrically conductive b. Electrolyte solutionsi. NaCl(s)  Na+(aq) + Cl-(aq)ii. Sodium chloride is the most importantc. Electrolytes in physiologyi. Muscles and neurons are activated by electrolyte activityii. Serious electrolyte disturbances, such as over-hydration and dehydration, may lead to cardiac and neurological complicationsiii. Cardiac complications come about because of sodium, potassium levels; heart beats too fast because of electrolytesiv. If you take in too much water in a short period of time, brain swells and causes death; water goes out of blood stream into tissue because of water/electrolyte imbalance in blood streamv. Dehydration – you lose water and hypothalamus tells you to drink water to balance out electrolytes (sodium chloride in water)IV. Isotopes and Radioactivitya. Isotope = more neutrons the natural chemical elementb. Radioisotopes – radioactive isotopesc. Radioactivity – only if isotope is unstable and gives off electrons (C-14)d. High energy radiations ejects electrons from atoms converting atoms to ionse. Destroys molecules and produces dangerous free radicals and ions in human tissuei. Sources include1. UV light, X-rays, nuclear decay: alpha, beta, and gamma rays (logosradiation – relatively safe except for reproductive organs) 2. Wear lead vest to protect reproductive organs because rays can’t penetrate leadV. Radiation and Madame Curiea. First woman to receive Nobel Prize (1903)b. First woman in world to receive a Ph.D.i. Discovered radioactivity of polonium and radiumc. Died of radiation poisoning at 67VI. Physical vs. Biological Half-lifea. Physical half life of radioisotopes (doesn’t matter where it is)i. Time needed for 50% to decay into a stable stateii. 5 mCu H3  2.5 mCu (microcuries) 12 yrs1. It will take another 12 to get to 1.75 mCub. Biological Half-life of radioisotopesi. The length of time required for ½ of the radioactive substance to be eliminated from the bodyii. Tritium, H3, has a fairly long physical half life but clears from the body in 10 days (other people can be exposed during this time)iii. Generally have bio and phys half lifes short than the tritium radioisotopesVII. Water and Mixturesa. Water is 50% to 75% of body weighti. Depends on age, sex, fat content, etc. b. Polar covalent bonds and V-shaped molecule (2 most important characteristics ofwater)i. Solvency –dissolves most things, good solventii. Cohesion – water molecules can cling to other moleculesiii. Adhesion – water molecules tend to cling to other water moleculesiv. Chemical reactivity – stable molecule (except with Na (metal), magnesium, and some other free elements) – not compounds with these elementsv. Thermal stability – it takes a lot of energy to raise 1 gram of water by 1 degreeVIII. Acid, Bases, and Pha. Our bodies use buffers to resist changes in pH (constantly happening, challenginghomeostasis of 7.4 – normal body pH) i. Drinking coffee, coke etc. challenges body pH because they are acidicb. pH is a measurement of molarity of H+i. pH scale invented by Soren Sorensen – discovered through beerc. A change of one number on the pH scale (from 7 to 6) represents a 10-fold change in H+ concentrationi. You have added 10x more hydrogenii. Increase = more basiciii. Decrease = more acidicIX. Metabolism (one of bodies major functions)a. Metabolism = all the chemical reactions of bodyi. Catabolism: Energy-releasing (exergonic) decomposition reactions1. Break food down into basic molecules that we need or don’t need2. i.e. glucose in fruit3. What you don’t need, you store (why you gain weight)ii. Anabolism: energy-storing (endergonic) synthesis reactions1. Reassemble the substances we need and use it2. Fast metabolic rate uses more ATP and uses up more or glucose orother needed substances to make more(depends on genetics and exercise)b. Catabolism and Anabolism are inseparably linked (can’t have one without the other)X. Carbon Compounds and Functional groupsa. Organic chemistry – the study of compounds containing carbonb. Four main categories of carbon compoundsi. Carbohydratesii. Lipidsiii. Proteinsiv. Nucleic Acids (composed of nucleotides)c. Can refer to these compounds as single molecules or chains of moleculesXI. Monomers and Polymersa. Monomers – single units of compoundsb. Polymers – several units of compounds together (chain)c. Macromolecules – very large molecules (i.e. DNA, strand of proteins)XII. Carbohydrates – hydrophilic (easily dissolved in water) organic moleculesa.