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UGA CBIO 2200 - Exam 2 Study Guide
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CBIO 2200 1st EditionExam # 2 Study Guide Lectures: 6-9Lecture 6 (September 11)Describe the three layers of the epithelium:1. Simple Epithelium – one layer of cells2. Stratified Epithelium – contains more than one layer; above first layer; cells do not touchbasement membrane3. Pseudo-stratified Epithelium – looks stratified but it’s not; all of the cells touch the basement membraneThree shapes of epithelium cells:1. Squamous – can be simple or stratified2. Columnar – can be simple or stratified (stratified columnar is very rare)3. Cuboidal – can be simple or pseudo-stratifiedFour types of simple epithelium:1. Simple squamous2. Simple cuboidal3. Simple columnar4. Pseudo-stratified columnarWhich types of cells are associated with goblet cells?- Pseudo-Stratified columnar and simple columnarWhat do goblet cells produce?- Mucous Types of stratified epithelium:1. Stratified squamousa. Keratinized – skin on palms of hands and soles of feetb. Non-keratinized – mouth, esophagus, vagina2. Stratified cuboidal (found in glands)3. Stratified columnar (rare)4. Transitional Epithelium – associated with urinary systemMain functions of connective tissue:1. Binding organs together2. Support3. Physical protection4. Immune protection5. Movement6. Storage (fat/adipose cells)7. Heat production (in infants)8. TransportBroad categories of connective tissue:1. Fibrous connective tissue – cells, fibers, ground substances2. Adipose tissue3. Supportive connective tissue (bone and cartilage)4. Fluid connective tissue (blood)Types of fibers:1. Collagenous fibers – collagen 2. Reticular fibers – collagen coated with glycoprotein3. Elastic fibers – made of elastin, provide flexabilityGlycosaminoglycans: - A ground substance composed of unusual disaccharides called amino sugars and have amino sugars and have uronic acid attached to themCells of the connective tissue:- Fibroblasts: produce fibers- Macrophages: destroy foreign matter- Leukocytes: other white blood cells- Plasma cells: B-lymphocytes that produce antibodies- Mast cells: secrete heparin and histamine (causes swelling in nasal cavities)- Adipocytes: fat cells, main cell type in adipose tissuesTypes of fibrous connective tissue:1. Loose connective tissuea. Areolar (skin, blood vessels, etc.)b. Reticular2. Dense connective tissuea. Regularb. IrregularAdipose tissue:- Just cell membranes visible; composed of adipocytesTypes of cartilage:1. Hyalinea. Glassy appearance, contain lacunae, covered with perichondrium b. Can be considered articular cartilage (keeps friction down between bones/padding)2. Fibrocartilagea. Bundles of collagen, no perichondriumb. Absorbs shock; in vertebral column between disks3. Elastica. Contains elastic fibers; covered with perichondriumb. In places with flexible cartilage (e.g. ear)Why is cartilage difficult to heal?- It does not have blood vessels associated with itWhat determines the type of cartilage?- The nature of the collagen fibersLecture 7 (September 16)Types of bone tissue/osseous tissue:1. Spongy bone – characterized by trabeculae (aka spicules)2. Compact bone – composed of osteonsWhat is fluid connective tissue (blood) composed of?1. Plasma – ground substance2. Erythrocytes – RBC3. Leukocytes – WBC4. Platelets – cell fragments that help in forming clotsWhat does it mean that nervous tissue is excitable?- It is capable of responding to stimuli because of membrane potentialWhat is membrane potential?- Electrical charge difference (voltage) that occurs across the plasma membraneWhat is nervous tissue composed of?- Neurons (nerve cells)- Neuroglia – support system, immune cells, provide nutrientsParts of the neuron1. Neurosoma (cells body)2. Dendrites3. Axon (nerve fiber)Three types of muscles:1. Skeletal – responsible for voluntary movements; has striations2. Cardiac – myocytes or carsiocytes; intercalated discs; striated and involuntary; branched3. Smooth – involuntary; contain fusiform cells, visceral abdomen (in abdomen)What is a cell junction?- Connections between one cell and another (blood cells and metastatic cancer cells do not have cell junctions)Types of cell junctions:- Tight junctions: do not allow passage of molecules- Desmosomes: hold cells together; do not allow passage of materials- Hemi-desmosomes: attaches cell to basement membrane- Gap junctions (intercalated discs): communicating junction; ions can pass between cellsWhat is hemidesmosomal epidermolysis bullosa?- An autosomal heritable blistering diseaseWhat is a gland?- A cell or organ that secretes a substanceFunctions of glands:- Secretion: secreted substance that will remain in body- Excretion: secreted substance that will leave the bodyTypes of glands:- Exocrine glands: communicates with the surface via ducts- Endocrine glands: do not have ducts; release products into blood stream and do not communicate with surfaceWhat organs have both endocrine and exocrine functions?- Liver, gonads, and pancreasWhat is the endocrine gland structure?- Capsule around them- Septa/trabeculae- Stroma: connective tissue/framework of gland- Parenchyma: releases substance of gland- Simple (un-branched) or compound (branched)Different shapes of glands:- Tubular: simple; the duct and secretory portions are continuous and have the same diameter- Acinar: compound; secretory parts have dilated sacs on the ends- Tubulo-acinar: compound; secretory cells are both in duct parts and secretory partsClassifications of glands based on types of secretions:1. Serous gland – secrete watery substance2. Mucous gland – produces glycoprotein, mucin combines with water to make mucous3. Mixed gland: secretes both watery substance as well as mucous secretion4. Cytogenic glands – produce an actual cell (sperm in males and ovaries in females)Classifications of glands based on their modes of secretion:1. Merocrine – vesicles go to plasma membrane, merge with it, and release contents into cell (e.g. tear glands)2. Aprocrine – a product that is accumulated in a vesicle and is released from the cell3. Holocrine – the whole cell degenerates; accumulate oil until it degenerates (e.g. oil glandlike on scalp)Types of membranes:1. Cutaneous – skin; largest membrane; stratified squamous epithelium2. Mucous – line passages that open to the outside (e.g. nose, digestive tract, urinary tract); contain goblet cells; have three layers:a. Epitheliumb. Lamina propia (contains blood vessels)c. Muscularis mucosa (layer of smooth muscle)3.


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