CBIO 2200 1nd Edition Lecture 2 Outline of Last Lecture I. AnatomyII. PhysiologyIII. Scientific methodIV. The Inductive MethodV. Hypothetical Deductive MethodVI. The Hierarchy of ComplexityVII. Anatomical VariationVIII. Characteristics of LifeIX. Physiological VariationOutline of Current Lecture I. HomeostasisII. Positive feedback & rapid changeIII. Gradients and flowIV. The history of anatomical terminologyV. The importance of precisionAtlas AI. The anatomical positionThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.II. Major body regionsIII. Abdominal quadrantsIV. Abdominal regionsV. Anatomical planes of bodyVI. Body cavitiesVII. Organ systemsCurrent LectureI. Homeostasis – maintaining a stable internal condition despite external conditionsa. Claude Bernard: discovered that our bodies maintain their internal temperatureb. Walter Cannon: coined the term “homeostasis”c. Negative Feedback: a response to the original stimulus reduces the stimulus itself(of the feedback systems in our body, 99% are positive and only 1% are positive)i. Dynamic equilibrium within a limited range around a set point1. Like a thermostat (body temp = 98.6)2. If temp goes below, body heats up; if above, body cools downd. Receptor: this is what receives the stimulus; there are many receptors in the body (the thermostat would be the receptor)e. Integrating (control) center: this is the brain in the human body (also would be the thermostat in the example); it processes and sends instructions to bodyf. Integrator: (like the furnace in the example) this is whatever will carry out the instructions received from the brain (i.e. sweat, blood vessel constriction, etc.)g. Hypothalamus is responsible for setting our body temperaturesi. When a fever is present (99.5 + degrees), microorganisms trick the hypothalamus into thinking that this is within the normal range for body temp, so it will not try to correct itii. You feel cool if you’re not at the temperature the hypothalamus thinks you should be atiii. Your body will try to get rid of microorganisms, but if it cant, the fever becomes fatal at 113 degreesh. Example of negative feedback-i. Thermo-receptors sense change in blood temp.1. Vasodilation: opens blood vessels (cools body)2. Vasoconstriction: constricts blood vessels (heats body)ii. Baroreceptor: slower to react as you age1. When you get dizzy when you stand up too fast, it is because of hypotension (reduction in blood pressure)2. It is the baroreceptors that correct this3. Brain accelerates heart beat and cause vasoconstriction in order to increase blood pressure again4. Low-blood pressure = baroreceptors are slower to respond5. High blood pressure = constant vasoconstriction and increased heart rateII. Positive Feedback & Rapid Change – the response to the original stimulus enhances the stimulus itself (fever, blood clotting)a. Self-amplifying cyclei. Leads to greater change in same direction in original stimulusb. Normal way of producing rapid changei. Example: blood clotting – chemicals in wound call whit blood cells to area which in response give off chemicals that call more white blood cells to the areaii. Child birth – baby’s head pushes against the surfaces which causes release of oxytocin which stimulates uterine contractions, cause fetus to push on surface again; this repeats until the baby is out of the cervixIII. Gradients and Flowa. Matter and energy tend to flow down their gradientsb. Gradient: difference in chemical concentration, charge, temp, or pressure between two pointsc. High blood pressure: blockage in body so heart has to pump harder to move blood against blockagei. When the pressure in the heart is greater than the pressure in the stomach, the blood flows easily down its pressure gradient from the heartto the stomachii. If the pressure raises in the stomach above the pressure of the heart, the heart has to work a lot harder because it must flow against it’s pressure gradientIV. The history of anatomical terminologya. Naming confusion during renaissancei. There were different names for the same thing in different countries because of the lack of traveling abilitiesb. The Standard International Anatomical terminology was created to establish namesi. Terminologia Anatomica (TA)c. 90% of medical terms have Greek/Latin rootsd. Terminology is based on word elementsi. Lexicon word elements are in back cover of textbooke. Scientific termsi. Rootii. Prefixiii. Suffixf. Acronyms are obtained from first letter or first few letters of wordg. Plural, adjectival, & possessive form of medical termsi. Plural forms varyii. Adjectival for can be different than noun formiii. Adjective often follows nounV. The importance of precisiona. Be precise in your terms, including spellingb. Health care professions demand this type of precisionc. People’s lives are in your hands!d. Ex of mistake: “ilium” – in hip; “ileum” – in intestinesi. Only slightly different spellings but they mean completely different thingsAtlas A – General Body OrientationI. The anatomical position (reference point)a. Palms and body facing forward, feet slightly apartb. Aka supine position (forearm is supinated – palm facing anteriorly)c. Superior/Inferior – above/below (does not change standing up or lying down)d. Posterior/anterior – front of body/back of body (does not change standing up or lying down)e. Directional termsi. Ventral or anterior vs. Dorsal or posteriorii. Rostral (toward head) v. caudal (toward tail)iii. Median (toward median line of body) vs. lateral (outward from median line)II. Major body regionsa. Axial regioni. Head, neck, and trunk1. Trunk is further divided by diaphragm into thoracic and abdominalregionb. Appendicular regioni. Upper and lower limbsIII. Abdominal quadrantsa. Left/right upper quadrants (LUQ/RUQ)b. Left/right lower quadrants (LLQ/RLQ)IV. Abdominal regions (9)a. Left/right hypochondriac a d ab. L/R lumbar b e bc. L/R inguinal d. Epigastric c f c e. Umbilicalf. Hypogastric (pubic)V. Anatomical planes of Body (frame of reference)a. Sagittal and midsagittal (median) planei. Down midline of bodyb. Transverse: horizontal cut anywhere along the bodyc. Frontal (coronal) Plane: should to should across body (separates front