CBIO 2200 1nd Edition Lecture 5Outline of Last Lecture I. LipidsII. ProteinsIII. ATP, Other Nucleotides, and Nucleic AcidsIV. Cell Shapes and SizesV. Membrane TransportOutline of Current Lecture I. Processes of membrane transportII. Vesicular TransportIII. The Cell InteriorChapter 5 - HistologyIV. Introduction to Ch. 5Current LectureI. Processes of membrane transporta. Three processes that employ a transport protein or carrieri. Facilitated diffusion (passive) – need some type of assistanceii. Primary active transport (requires ATP)iii. Secondary active transport (requires ATP)b. Carrier-mediated transporti. Facilitated diffusion: transport of solute through a membrane down its concentration gradient1. Does not consume ATPThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.2. One a solute binds to the receptor on the carrier, the carrier changes shape and transports it to other side of membraneii. Primary active transport – transport of solute through a membrane against its concentration gradient1. ATP energy consumed to change carrier shape2. Examples: sodium-potassium pumpiii. Secondary active transport1. Sodium-glucose transporter: the transport is active, but does not in and of itself require energy, it is active because another pump that does require energy is activea. When sodium is high on outside of cell, sodium glucose transport is active, glucose piggybacks on sodium into the cellb. For this to be active, the sodium-potassium must be active alsoc. Indirect requirement of ATP2. The glucose goes down its concentration gradientc. Characteristics of carriersi. Specificity: transport proteins are specific for a certain ligand (molecule)ii. Saturations: transport maximum (Tm) once all binding sites are filled they can’t carry any mored. Uniport transporter – only carries one solute at a time in one directione. Symport transporter – can carry two or more solutes at the same time (ex: sodium glucose transporterf. Antiport transport – carries two solutes at the same time but in different directions (counter-transport) (ex: sodium potassium pump)II. Vesicular transport: moving large particles, fluid droplets, or numerous molecules through the membrane in vesicles a. Endocytosis – vesicular processes that bring material into celli. Phagocytosis – cell eating; cell membrane envelopes the particle and takes it into the cellii. Pinocytosis – cell drinking; taking in droplets of extracellular fluid; vesicle taken in with fluid inside (called a pinocytotic vesicle), vesicle is then broken down inside celliii. Receptor-mediated endocytosis – particles (specific molecule) bind to specific receptors on plasma membrane; very specific molecule binds to avery specific receptor and then the cell membrane invaginates the molecules; the site that takes in the molecules is coated by a protein call clatherin which tells the cell it needs to invaginate the moleculesb. Exocytosis: discharging material from the celli. Secreting materialii. A secretory vesicles (containing things the cell need to get rid of) approaches the plasma membrane, the vesicle and membrane fuse, and release moleculesc. All Vesicular transport utilizes proteins that require ATPIII. The Cell Interiora. Organelles i. Internal structures, carry out specialized metabolic tasksii. Membranous organelles – surrounded by membrane (Ex: nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum)iii. Non-membranous organelles – not surrounded by membrane (Ex: centrosomes, centrioles, ribosomes)iv. Nucleus – largest organelle (five micrometers in diameter)1. Nuclear envelope – two unit membranes surround nucleus2. Nucleoplasm – material inside the nucleusa. Chromatin – DNA and proteinb. Nucleoli – regions where you find ribosomes that are involved in protein synthesisv. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) – system of interconnected channels called cisternae1. Rough ER – ribosomes attached to ita. Involved in protein synthesis2. Smooth ER – lack ribosomesa. Participates in production of lipids, and detoxification of drugs (i.e. alcohol) vi. Ribosomes – granules of protein and RNA1. They read messenger RNA and assemble amino acids into proteinsvii. Golgi complex – cisternae (membranous)1. Participates in synthesis of carbohydrates that are added to proteinsviii. Lysosomes – packages of enzymes1. Functionsa. Intracellular hydrolytic digestionb. Autophagy – digest and dispose of worn out organellesc. Autolysis – “cell suicide”; happens when a whole cell wearsout, each cell has a lifetimei. Also called apoptosis: “programmed cell death”ix. Peroxisomes – resemble lysosomes but contain different enzymes and arenot produced by the golgi complex, they are produced by ER1. General function is to use molecular oxygen to oxidize organic molecules2. Enzyme found in peroxisome called catalase – breaks down hydrogen peroxide that is produced in metabolisma. H2O2  H2O + O2x. Proteosomes1. Hollow, cylindrical organelle that breaks down proteins that are not made correctly or any protein that has gone through its lifespanxi. Mitochondria – organelle specialized for synthesis of ATP1. “Power-house” of the cell2. Energy is extracted from organic molecules and transferred to ATPxii. Centrioles1. Made up of microtubules arranged in nine groups of three microtubules each2. Play a role in cell division because they set up microtubule organizing center3. Form basil bodies of cilia and flagellab. Cytoskeleton i. Skeleton (made of proteins) that gives cell shape and structural support; called filamentsii. Helps direct proteins as they move throughout cell (“railroad” of cell)iii. Collection of filaments and cylindersiv. Composed of1. Microfilaments2. Intermediate fibers3. Microtubulesc. Inclusions i. Two kinds of inclusions1. Stored cellular productsa. Fat droplets, glycogen granules, and pigments2. Foreign bodiesa. Viruses, bacteria, dust, other materials phagocytized by celld. All embedded in a clear gelatinous cytosolCHAPTER 5 (not on first test***) – 50 trillion cells, 200 different typesIV. Introductiona. Four broad categories of tissuesi. Epithelial tissueii. Connective tissueiii. Nervous tissueiv. Muscular tissueb. Histology – microscopic anatomy of the cells in these tissue categoriesV. Epithelial tissuea. Covers body surface and lines body cavities (inner and outer surfaces)b. Can be thin or