CBIO 2200 1st Edition Lecture 4 Outline of Last Lecture I. Chemistry of LifeII. The Chemical ElementsIII. ElectrolytesIV. Isotopes and RadioactivityV. Radiation and Madame CurieVI. Physical vs. Biological Half-LifeVII. Water and MixturesVIII. Acids, Bases, and pHIX. MetabolismX. Carbon Compounds and Functional GroupsXI. Monomers and PolymersXII. CarbohydrateXIII. LipidsOutline of Current Lecture Chapter 2 cont’d:I. LipidsII. ProteinsIII. ATP, Other Nucleotides, and Nucleic AcidsThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.Chapter 3I. Cell Shapes and SizesII. Membrane TransportCurrent LectureI. Lipidsa. Classified as:i. Saturated: solid at room tempii. Unsaturated: has double-bonded carbonsiii. Polyunsaturated: multiple double bondsiv. Essential fatty acids: must obtain from your diet; body can’t make themb. Trans Fat & Cardiovascular healthc. Trans-fatty acidsd. Cis-fatty acids: natural fats and oilse. Eicosanoids: 20 carbon compound derived from a fatty acid called arachidonic acidi. Includes prostaglandins: perceive pain; present in all body tissuef. Steroids – a lipid with 17 of its carbons in 4 ringsi. Cholesterol: the “parent” steroid from which other steroids are present1. i.e. estrogen, testosterone, cortisol, etc. g. Good and Bad Cholesteroli. HDL (high-density lipoprotein): “good” cholesterol; high amount of protein in it ii. LDL (low-density lipoprotein): “bad” cholesterol associated with cardiovascular disease; high amount of lipids in it and a low amount of proteinII. Proteinsa. Greek meaning “of first importance”b. Amino acid – central carbon atom with 3 attachmentsi. Amino group (NH2), carboxyl group (COOH), & radical group (R)c. Proteins are polymers of amino acidsd. Peptide bonds are what join the amino acids in a protein together; formed by dehydration synthesisi. Dehydration synthesis: monomers covalently bond together to form a polymer; done by the removal of a water moleculeIII. ATP, other nucleotides, and Nucleic Acidsa. 3 components of nucleotidesi. Nitrogenous base (single or double bonded C – N ring)ii. Sugar (monosaccharide)iii. One or more phosphate groupsb. ATP – best known nucleotide; its 3 components:i. Adenine (the nitrogenous base)ii. Ribose (sugar)iii. Phosphate groups (3)c. We obtain ATP from the food we eat and our body converts it to energy for things like:i. Muscle contractionsii. Ciliary breathingiii. Active transportiv. Synthesis reactionsd. Nucleic Acidsi. Monomersii. Polymers or nucleosides iii. DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)iv. RNA (ribonucleic acid) three types; all used for protein systhesis1. Messenger RNA (mRNA)2. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)3. Transfer RNA (tRNA)Chapter 3I. Cell Shapes and Sizesa. All living organisms are composed of cellsb. Cells are responsible for all structure and functional properties that make us who we arec. Cell shapes: squamous, cuboidal, columnar, polygonal (many sides), stellar (star-shaped), spheroid, discoid, fusiform (spindle shape), fibrousd. Human celli. Most are 10-15 micrometers/microns in diameter1. Egg cells are 100 micrometers in diameter but you still need a microscope to see itii. Need a light microscope to observe human celliii. Resolution of electron microscope reveals the ultrastructure (inside) of cell (organisms)e. Basic composition of celli. Plasma (cell) membrane – composed of protein & lipidsii. Cytoplasm/cytosol/intracellular fluid (ICF) – inside plasma membraneiii. Extracellular membrane (ECF) – outside plasma membranef. Plasma Membrane (phospholipid bilayer)i. Forms border of cellii. Oily film of lipids with embedded proteins1. Lipids: hydrophobic tails with hydrophilic heads2. Transmembrane (pass all the way through membrane) and peripheral (on surface) proteinsg. 98% of the molecules in our cells are lipidsi. Phospholipidii. Cholesteroliii. Glycolipid: protective coating against microorganismsiv. Transmembrane proteins – channels for passage of hydrophilic moleculesh. Functions of membrane proteinsi. Receptors – chemical messengerii. Enzymes – breakdown productsiii. Channels (some gated) – molecules must bond to them for “gates” to openiv. Cell identity markersv. Cell adhesion molecule (CAM): attaches one cell to anotheri. Second messengeri. Chemical reaches first messenger (epinephrine), which binds to the surface receptorii. Receptor activates the signal to adenylate cyclase which converts ATP to cAMP (second messenger); the end goal is to get to the nucleusII. Membrane Transporta. Plasma membrane: barrier and gateway between cytoplasm and ECFb. Passive transport requires no ATPc. Active transport mechanisms require ATPd. Carrier mediated mechanisms – molecule that binds to it caused other moleculesto be able to pass throughe. Passive Transporti. Filtration: passage of particles through selectively permeable membrane by hydrostatic pressureii. Diffusion: movement of particles from area of high concentration to low concentration (down concentration gradient)1. Simple diffusiona. Factors affecting rate of molecule diffusion through membrane:i. Temperature ii. Molecule weightiii. Steepness of concentration gradientiv. Surface area of membranev. Membrane permeabilityb. Diffusion through lipid bilayer (hydrophobic molecules)c. Diffusion through channel proteins (hydrophilic molecules)iii. Osmosis: flow of water from one side of selectively permeable membraneto the other; from area of high concentration to area of lower concentration1. Aquaporins (proteins in the membrane): increase when cells need more water; decrease when cells become overly hydrated (controlled by the kidney)2. Osmotic pressure: when pressure is applied to membrane to stop passage of water to a certain extenta. Tonicity: measure of the osmotic pressurei. Hypertonic: concentration of water is higher within the cell than outside the cell; water flows out of cellii. Isotonic: water concentration is the same within and outside the celliii. Hypotonic: water concentration is higher outside the cell than it is inside the cellb. Effects of tonicity on Red Blood Cellsi. Hypertonic solution – water loss of RBC causes cell to crenate (shrivel)ii. Isotonic – no net movement of wateriii. Hypotonic – cell will gain water and lyse