CBIO 2200 1nd EditionExam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 1 - 5Lecture 1 (August 21)What is the difference between anatomy and physiology?- Anatomy is the study of form, while physiology is the study of functionFour ways to examine the body:1. Inspection (using eyes)2. Palpation (feeling with hands)3. Auscultation (listening with stethoscope)4. Percussion (listening to sounds made when different parts of the body are hit)Eight more in depth ways of studying the human body:1. Cadaver discovery – dissecting dead bodies2. Comparative anatomy – studying animals with similar anatomical structure to humans)3. Exploratory surgery – gross anatomy (observable with the naked eye)4. Medical Imaging – taking pictures such as x-rays 5. Radiology – study of treating disease through images taken within body6. Cytology – observation of cells7. Histology – microscopic anatomy (histopathology: study of tissue under microscope)8. Ultrastructure – electron microscope to look at details of cellsThree sub-disciplines of physiology:1. Neurophysiology – phys. of nervous system2. Endocrinology – phys. of hormones3. Pathophysiology – phys. of diseaseFour steps of scientific method:1. Make observation (based on previous knowledge)2. Come up with hypothesis3. Carry out experiments4. Start to make predictions (deductions)What two men were key in forming the scientific method?- Francis Bacon (England) & Rene Descartes (France)Why was the scientific method formed? - To set standards for truth; a uniform approach to experimentationThe inductive method: described by Francis Bacon; make numerous observations (basis of clinical studies); used in anatomyHypothetical deductive method: used in physiology; investigator asks questions and then forms hypothesisTwo characteristics of a good hypothesis:1. Consistent with previous knowledge/truths2. Testable and possibly falsifiable with evidenceThe hierarchy of complexity: microscopic  macroscopicAtom  molecule  macromolecule  organelle  cell  tissue  organ  organ system  organismWhat is reductionism?- The theory that a large, complex, system can be understood by studying small components of it; Aristotle came up with thisWhat is holism?- There are “emergent properties” of the whole organism; humans are more than just the sum of their partsAlthough there is a most common structure for humans, variations can occur. What are some variations in organ locations that can occur?- Pelvic kidney: one kidney remains lower (in the pelvic region) instead of rising upward during development- Heart: variations in branches of the aorta- Abdominal aorta & common iliac arteries: can become twisted and bentNine characteristics of life that distinguishes living things from nonliving things1. Organization2. Evolution3. Cellular composition4. Movement5. Development6. Reproduction7. Metabolism8. Responsiveness 9. HomeostasisDescribe the reference man and reference woman- Reference man: 22 years, 154 lbs., light physical activity, consumes 2800 calories/day- Reference woman: 22 years, 128 lbs., light physical activity, consumes 2000 calories/dayLecture 2 (August 26) What is homeostasis?- Maintaining a stable internal condition despite external conditionsWho discovered that our bodies maintain their internal temperature?- Claude BernardWho coined the term “homeostasis”?- Walter CannonWhat is negative feedback?- A response to the original stimulus that reduces the stimulus itself (in our body, 99% of systems are negative feedback and only 1% is positive)- Keeps body in dynamic equilibrium within a limited range (like a air conditioning thermostat)Negative feedback: what is the receptor?- This is what receives the stimulus; many receptors in the bodyWhat is the integrating control center?- This is the brain in the human body; processes stimulus and send instructions to bodyWhat is the integrator in negative feedback?- This is whatever will carry out the instructions to the bodyWhat negative feedback system is the hypothalamus involved in?- Responsible for setting our body temperatureWhat are thermo-receptors?- Receptors that sense change in blood temperature- What happens in response?o Vasodilation: opens blood vessels (cools body temp)o Vasoconstriction: constricts blood vessels (heats body temp)What are baroreceptors?- Raises blood pressure after temporary reduction when standing up; does this by accelerating heart beat and causing vasoconstriction; these become slower to react as you ageWhat is positive feedback& rapid change?- The response to the original stimulus that enhances the stimulus itself (i.e. fever, blood clotting)What is a self-amplifying structure?- Leads to greater change of the original stimulus in same direction - Ex: chemicals in a wound call white blood cells to area which in response give off chemicals that call more white blood cells the areaIn what direction to matter and energy tend to flow?- Down their concentration gradients; from and area of high concentration to an area of low concentrationWhat is a gradient?- Difference in chemical concentration, charge, temp, or pressure between two pointsWhy was there confusion about anatomical terminology during the renaissance?- There were different names for the same thing in different countries because of lack of traveling abilitiesWhat was created to establish consistent anatomical terms?- The Standard International Anatomical Terminology; aka Terminologia Anatomica (TA)How many medical terms have Greek or Latin roots?- 90%What are acronyms of medical terms made from?- Obtained from first letter or first few letters of wordBody PositionsAnatomical Position- Reference position for anatomical description- An individual in anatomical position is standing erect with arms at sides, palms facingforward with fingers pointing downward, feet parallel to each other and flat on the floor, and eyes directed forwardProne:- Position of the body when lying face downSupine:- Position of the body when lying face upPlanes of BodyCoronal plane:- A plane that passes side to side through the body, dividing it into anterior and posterior portions- Also called frontal planeMidsagittal Plane:- A plane that passes from front to back through the midline of the body, dividing into right and left halves- Also called median planeOblique Plane:- A slanted plane (not horizontal or vertical) that passes through bodySagittal Plane:- A plane that passes from front to back through the body, dividing it into