CBIO 2200 1nd Edition Lecture 1 Outline of Current Lecture I. AnatomyII. PhysiologyIII. Scientific methodIV. The Inductive MethodV. Hypothetical Deductive MethodVI. The Hierarchy of ComplexityVII. Anatomical VariationVIII. Characteristics of LifeIX. Physiological VariationCurrent LectureChapter 1: Major Themes of Anatomy and PhysiologyI. Anatomy: the study of human structure/forma. Observation is key to understanding anatomyb. Ways to examine the structure of the human bodyi. Inspection: looking with eyesii. Palpation: feeling with handsiii. Auscultation: listening with stethoscopeiv. Percussion: listening to sounds made when body parts (i.e. stomach) are hitc. Cadaver discovery – dissecting dead bodies to learn about the human bodyThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.d. Comparative anatomy – because human dissections/surgeries are limited, scientists often use animals that are close to humans in anatomical structure in order to learn about the human bodye. Exploratory surgeryi. Gross anatomy – observable with the naked eye (big enough to see without microscope)f. Medical imaging (i.e. x-rays)i. Radiology – the study of treating disease through images taken within bodyg. Cytology – the observation of cellsh. Histology – microscopic anatomyi. Histopathology: study of tissue under a microscopei. Ultrastructure – Electron microscope to look at detail within a celli. Mostly just used in research***Random: An increase in white blood cells is always indicative of infection***II. Physiology – study of the function of the human bodya. Sub-disciplinesi. Neurophysiology – phys. of nervous systemii. Endocrinology – phys. of hormonesiii. Pathophysiology – phys. of diseaseb. Comparative physiology – same as in anatomy only they study the physiology of animals with similar anatomical structures to humansIII. Scientific Method (a uniform approach to experimentation)a. Driven by observationsi. Make observation –based on previous experiences/knowledge (inductive reasoning and questions)ii. Come up with hypothesis – must be testableiii. Carry out experimentsiv. Start to make predictions (deductions) to test and eliminate some predictionsb. Francis Bacon (England) and Rene Descartes (France) were key in forming the scientific methodc. Science & Scientific methodi. Set standards for truth (must be repeatable to be proven true)IV. The Inductive method – used in anatomya. Described by Francis Baconi. Make numerous observations (basis of clinical studies)ii. Knowledge of obtaining was obtained by this methodV. Hypothetical deductive method – Used in Physiologya. Investigator asks questionsb. Forms hypothesisc. Characteristics of a good hypothesisi. Consistent with previous knowledge/truthsii. Testable and possible falsifiable with evidenceVI. The hierarchy of complexity (macroscopic  microscopic)a. Atom  molecule  macromolecule  organelle  cell  tissue  organ  organ system  organismb. Reductionism – the theory that a large, complex, system can be understood by studying small components of it (Aristotle came up with this)c. Holism – there are “emergent properties” of the whole organism; humans are more than just the sum of their partsVII. Anatomical Variationa. No two humans are exactly alikeb. There is a most common structure for humansc. Some however are anatomically varied; they differ from the common structure (i.e. missing muscles, extra vertebrae, renal arteries etc.)d. Variation in organ locationsi. Pelvic kidney – one kidney does not travel to the right location during formation and remains lower than the other kidneyii. Heart – variations of branches of the aortaiii. Abdominal aorta & common iliac arteries – can become twisted and bentVIII. Characteristics of life – what distinguishes living things from nonliving thingsa. Organizationb. Evolutionc. Cellular compositiond. Movemente. Developmentf. Reproduction g. Metabolismh. Responsivenessi. HomeostasisIX. Physiological variationa. There are typical physiological valuesi. Reference man – 22 years, 154 lbs., light physical activity, consumes 2800 cal/dayii. Reference woman – same values as man except 128 lbs., and 2000 cal/dayb. Physicians need to consider how each patient deviates from these standards (height, weight, age,